LIBRARY
University of California
IRVINE
FLORA
SOUTHERN UNITED STATES
CONTAINING AN ABRIDGED DESCRIPTION OF THE
FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS
TENNESSEE, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND FLORIDA:
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
^a BT
A. W. CHAPMAN, M.D.
THE FERNS BY PROF. DANIEL C. EATON.
SECOND EDITION.
NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI - : - CHICAGO
AMERICAN B^OK COMPANY
Copyright, BY A. W. CHAPMAN,
UNIVERSITY PRESS:: JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE.
PREFACE.
WHEN the first edition of this work was issued, some portions of the country embraced within the limits assigned to it were imperfectly investigated or wholly unexplored. But the discoveries in Southern botany made during the last few years by Feay, Garber, Curtiss, and others, of tropical forms on the peninsula and keys of Florida, by Dr. Gattinger of Northern forms which extend into Ten- nessee and the mountains of North Carolina, and by cor- respondents from other States, have become so numerous that a new edition of the Southern Flora is required to embrace them.
In this edition I have concluded to incorporate these additions in the form of a Supplement to the first edition, avoiding any material alterations in it.
And now, since the different sections of all the States^ which are included in the limits embraced by this work have been pretty thoroughly explored, and future acqui- sitions will, probably, be comparatively few in number, the time seems to have arrived when the promise pro- visionally made in the Preface to the first edition may be at least partially fulfilled.
It is my intention, therefore, to commence the prepara- tion of a final edition, which shall include in their proper place all the acquisitions made to our Flora since the publication of the first edition, with the changes in no- menclature introduced during that time ; and I invite a continuance of the co-operation and assistance of all who are interested in the successful prosecution of the work.
APALACHICOLA, FLORIDA, December 26, 1882.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
INTRODUCTION ix
SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY ix
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS xviii
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS . . . xxv
SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK . . xxvi
DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT ..... xxvii
ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS . . xxix
FLORA. — PH.ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS ... 1 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS . . 585
SUPPLEMENT 603
INDEX ............ 675
INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT . 695
INTRODUCTION.
I. SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY.
1. Vegetable Tissue.
1. PLANTS are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells, which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al- though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant are readily transmitted.
2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular Tissue or Parenchyma, Woody Tissue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or Vessels and Ducts,
3. Cellular Tissue, which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and cohering by their contiguous surfaces.
4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles.
5. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, either in the form of continuous tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of these, the walls are marked with dots, lines, or bands ; while in others they are lined with spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. The latter are called Spiral Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers.
6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants; viz. Organs of Vegetation, consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting of the Flower and Fruit.
2. The Root.
7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows down- ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets.
8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy piece ; fascicled, or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a common centre ; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled with starchy matter; and fibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like.
X INTRODUCTION.
9. But roots under favorable circumstances are developed from other parts of the plant. These are called Secondary Roots.
10. Aerial Roots are those which spring from the stem or branches above ground. In some, as in many Endogenous Plants, they proceed from the lower joints of the stem ; in others, as the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida, they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil, form new stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of some climbing stems are also of this class.
11. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, of which the Tillandsia and Epidendmm are ex- amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or branches of trees, but draw their nourishment from the air.
12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on other plants ; but their roots, pene- trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the trunk or branches ; others, like the Beech-drop, upon the root.
3. The Stem.
13. The Stem, or Ascending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows up- ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be stem/ess or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground.
14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by naked joints, or Internodes. The growing points, which are protected by reduced leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are terminal, when they ter- minate the axis ; axillary, when they spring from the axil of the leaves ; that is, from the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem ; and adventi- tious, when they are developed from any other part.
15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone ; branch- ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis- ions of the branches are called branchlets.
16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Culm.
17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Caudex.
18. A Rhizoma, or Rootstock, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the, ground, or beneath its surface, developing annually a bud at the apex, while, the older portion decays.
19. A Tuber is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes) in their axils.
20. A Corm is a solid globular subterranean stem, filled with starchy matter, with a bud at the apex and roots below.
21. A Bulb is a short subterranean stem, made up of the thickened bases of leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicated or coated, when the scales are large and wrapped one within the other ; and scaly, when these are small and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are borne in the axil of the leaves of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called Bulblets.
22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the- earth, strikes root, and forms a new plant.
ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. xl
23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producing roots and a tuft of leaves at its extremity.
24. Spines, or Thorns, are imperfectly developed, leafless branches, with hard tips.
25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the inflorescence are occasionally convert- ed into tendrils.
26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems, lasting from year to year, when of humble size, are called Shrubs, and when reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, Trees.
4. Internal Structure of Stems.
27. The stems of Phaenogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody tissue, and vessels ; and upon the arrangement of the latter are founded the two divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants.
28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith ; an external covering, called the Bark ; and a middle portion, called the Wood.
29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral vessels, termed the Medullary Sheath.
30. Their Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the medullary rays, and annually increased, in all perennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-wood.
31. The Bark, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber, is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in which the new layers of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark, consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg- etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the Epidermis, or Cuticle.
32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark ; but are composed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles, which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem.
5. The Leaves.
33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed from axillary and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net- work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe from the air, through minute openings in the epidermis, called stomata, are con- verted into the proper food of the plant.
34. In the bud, they are folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is termed their Vernation.
XU INTRODUCTION.
35. A complete leaf comprises the Blade, the Stalk, and a pair of Stipules ; but these three parts are not always present in one leaf.
36. The Blade, Limb, or Lamina, is the expanded part, and presents a great variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a single piece, however cut or divided ; and compound, when of two or more distinct pieces (lea/lets), which separate by a joint.
37. The Stalk, or Petiole, connects the blade with the stem. When it is wanting, the leaf is said to be sessile. The stalk of a leaflet is called a Petiolule.
38. The Stipules are appendages of various forms, placed one on each side at the base of the petiole. They are separate, or else united with the petiole, or with each other, when they occasionally form a sheath (Ochrea) around the stem above. The stipules of a leaflet are called Stipels.
39. The manner in which the veins are distributed through the leaf is called Venation.
40. There are two modes of venation ; viz. parallel-veined, or nerved, when several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ; and reticulated, or netted-veined, when the veins divide into numerous primary and secondary branches (veinlets), which again unite to form a kind of network.
41. The latter mode embraces both the pinnately veined, or feather-veined leaf, where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving off at in- tervals lateral veins ; and the palmately veined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at the apex into three or more strong branches.
42. The manner in which leaves are divided corresponds with that of their venation.
43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatifid, when the incisions (sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of the petiole ; and pinnately divided, when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin- nately veined leaf is, of course, pinnate, with the separate leaflets arranged on each side of the common petiole. When this is terminated by a leaflet, the leaf is said to be odd-pinnate, or unequally pinnate, and when it is wanting, abruptly pinnate.
44. So, also, the palmately veined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided, when the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. When the divis- ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound.
45. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers are developed, are called Bracts ; and those which are borne on the flower-stalk, Bractlets.
6. The Flower.
46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which are concerned in the production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its parts are a modification, it is developed from an axillary or terminal bud.
47. The manner in which the flowers are arranged on the stem or branches is termed the Inflorescence.
48. There are two modes of inflorescence ; viz. the indefinite, or centripetal, where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand- ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud ; and the definite, or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the main axis, and successively from that of the branches.
ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Xlii
49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem, they are said to be axillary ; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less obvious cluster, each arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Bract.
50. The stalk of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the Peduncle ; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape ; and that of each indi- vidual of a cluster is called a Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rachis.
51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Ament, Spadix, Raceme. Corymb, Umbel, Head, and Panicle ; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications.
52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts.
53. The Ament, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and Willow.
54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers borne on a thick and fleshy rachis. It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Spathe, as in the Indian Turnip.
55. The Raceme presents the elongated rachis of the. spike, but the flowers are raised on pedicels.
56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones.
57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre. When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets.
58. A Head is an umbel with sessile flowers. The crowded bracts of this and the preceding are collectively termed the Involucre, and those of the umbellets, the Involucel.
59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches, either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle.
60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts. Some, as the true Cyme, are short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit, downward, or from the centre, outward.
61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is termed the Calyx, and the inner one the Corolla, — an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and one or more central organs, called the Pistils. These are inserted on the apex of the axis, which here takes the name of Torus, or Receptacle.
62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis- tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect flowers, always present.
63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color, which are distinct, or united by their margins. .When the floral envelopes con- sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx.
XlV INTRODUCTION.
64. The Corolla is usually of a thinner texture than the calyx, and variously colored. Its leaves (Petals), when of the same number as the sepals, always alternate with them. They are also often united by their contiguous margins, to form a monopetalous corolla.
65. When the calyx and corolla are so nearly alike as not to be readily dis- tinguished, they are collectively termed the Perianth.
66. A flower is complete when all its parts are present ; incomplete, when the floral envelopes, or a part of them, are wanting ; perfect, when the stamens and pistils are borne in the same flower ; imperfect, or diclinous, when they are borne in separate flowers ; regular, when the sepals or petals are of uniform shape and size ; and irregular, when they are unlike in shape or size.
67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into moiwecious, when those fur- nished with stamens (staminate or sterile flowers) and those furnished with pistils (pistillate or fertile flowers] are borne on the same plant; dioecious, when they are borne on separate plants ; and polygamous, when both perfect and imperfect flow- ers are borne on the same or different individuals.
68. The manner in which the parts of the floral envelopes are arranged with respect to each other in the bud is termed their Estivation. They are valvate, when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping ; induplicate, when these project inwardly ; reduplicate, when they project outwardly ; imbricated, when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ; convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each piece covers the margin of the one next before it, and the other edge is covered by the margin of the one next after it ; and plaited, when the parts are folded lengthwise.
7. The Stamens.
69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called the Filament, by which it is supported.
70. They are hypogynous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perigynous, when on the calyx ; epigynous, when on the ovary ; epipetalous, when on the co- rolla ; and gynandrous, when they are united with the style. They are, also, often combined with each other, either into one set (monadelphous), or into two, three, or more sets (diadelphous, triadelphous, &c.).
71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, which open in various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The part which connects the cells is the Connective.
72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex of the filament ; adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length ; versatile, when fixed by the middle to the apex of the filaments on which it turns as on a pivot : introrse, when it faces inwardly toward the pistils ; and extrorse, when it faces outward ly toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube (syngenesious).
73. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the Disk.
8. The Pistils.
74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover its surface.
ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV
75. A Pistil consists of three parts, — the Ovary, the Styk, and the Stigma.
76. The Ovary is the lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru- diments of seeds.
77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup- ports the stigma.
78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, when this is wanting, of the ovary, denuded of the epidermis.
79. When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpel, it is simple; but, oftener, it is compound, consisting of two or more carpels, united by their margins, or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil into as many cells as there are carpels.
80. The line next the axis, or which corresponds to the united margins of a folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture; and that which corresponds to the mid- rib, the Dorsal Suture.
81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules ; and the line of their attachment is called the Placenta. This is central or axile, when it occupies the centre of the pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls.
82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus. It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. The outer sac is termed the Primine, and the inner one the Secundine. The point where these parts unite is called the Chalaza.
83. The Ovule is orthotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and the apex at the opposite extremity ; campylotropous, when it curves on itself, so as to bring the apex near the chalaza ; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to which it adheres ; the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in- verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe.
9. The Fruit.
84. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur- ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, either by the obliter- ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of false partitions, or by various changes effected in its walls, or in the parts which surround them.
85. In some, the walls, or Pericarp, remain closed ; in others, they open, or are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces, called Valves.
86. Many terms are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only the following are in general use.
87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only; as the fruit of the Milkweed.
88. A Legume is a simple, fruit opening at both sutures ; as in the Pulse Fam- ily. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Lament.
89. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. When it opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidal;
XVi INTRODUCTION.
and septicidal, when it opens at the ventral suture, or through the partitions. When it opens transversely, the upper portion falling off entire, like a lid, the dehiscence is circumscissile.
90. A S'dique is a slender two-valved capsule, with two parietal placentae con- nected by a persistent false partition. A short and broad silique is a Silicle. These are peculiar to the Mustard Family.
91 . A Pepo is the fleshy indehiscent fruit of the Gourd Family, with the seeds often embedded in the pulpy placentae.
92. A Pome is the indehiscent fruit of the Apple or Quince tribe, where the cells are enclosed in the enlarged and fleshy tube of the calyx.
93. A Berry is an indehiscent fruit, with the seeds embedded in soft pulp.
94. A Drupe consists of one or more hard or bony cells, called the Puta- men, covered with a fleshy or pulpy coat, called the Sarcocarp ; as the Peach, Holly, &c.
95. An Achenium is a small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, the walls of which do not adhere to the enclosed seed. When these are closely united, it becomes a Caryopsis; or when the walls are thin and bladder-like, and open irregularly, a Utricle.
96. A Nut is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with hard or bony walls ; as the Acorn and Hickory-nut.
97. A Samara is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with its walls expanded into a wing ; as that of the Maple and Elm.
98. The collective fruit of the Pine is called a Cone or Strobile.
10. The Seed.
99. The Seed is the matured ovule, and contains the Embryo, or the rudiment of a future plant. The outer coat, or Integument, is called the Testa. It varies greatly in texture, and is occasionally furnished with hairs, which either cover the entire seed, or form a tuft ( Coma) at one or both extremities.
100. The terms employed in describing the ovule are chiefly applicable to the seed. The foramen of the ovule, which is closed in the seed, becomes the Mi- cropyle, and is always opposite the radicle of the embryo. The scar left on the seed by the separation of the cord is the Hilum. It is sometimes enveloped in a false covering, originating, during its growth, from the cord or from the pla- centa. This is called the Aril.
101. The Testa includes either the embryo alone, or an additional nutritive substance, called the Albumen.
102. The Embryo consists of the Radicle, the Plumule, and the Cotyledons.
103. The Eadicle is the first joint of the stem. In germination, it elongates at one end to form the root, and at the other, from a minute bud (Plumule), to form the stem. It is inferior when it points to the base of the pericarp, and su- perior when it points to its summit.
104. The Cotyledons are the seed-leaves. The embryo of the Exogenous Plants bears two of these, placed opposite (rarely three or more in a whorl), while that of Endogenous Plants bears only one. Hence the former are called dicotyledonous, and the latter monocotyledonous.
105. When the embryo is exposed to the combined influence of air, heat, and moisture, it develops into a growing plant. This is termed Germination.
ELEMENTS OF BOTANT. XV11
106. The preceding considerations refer solely to Phaenogamous Plants, or those which bear flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and produce seeds, which contain an embryo, or a rudiment of a future plant.
107. But there are plants of a lower grade, which do not bear flowers furnished with ordinary stamens and pistils, nor seeds containing an embryo, but in place of seeds they produce minute powdery bodies, called Spores. These are termed
11. Cryptogamons or Flowerless Plants.
108. The stems of the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants — and these only are embraced in this work — exhibit nearly the same anatomical structure as those of Phsenogamous Plants. But they grow only from the apex, without any perceptible increase of diameter, and therefore are termed Acrogens or Point- growers.
109. The different orders presenting no common type, the habit, the mode of inflorescence, and the process of fertilization, so far as it is known, being different in all of them, the characteristics of each are more conveniently explained ir the body of the work, and need not be enumerated here.
13. Classification.
110. Classification consists in the arranging of plants possessing like structure, habits, &c., into groups, designating them by proper names, and defining them by appropriate characters.
111. An assemblage of individuals which are so essentially alike as to indicate their descent from a common parent, and which preserve their characteristics when propagated from seed, is tenned a Species. But circumstances connected with the growth of an individual may produce some deviation from its ordinary state, and it then becomes a Variety.
112. When the pistil of one species is fertilized by the pollen of another allied species, the result is a Hybrid.
113. An assemblage of species agreeing with one another in structure and ap- pearance constitutes a Genus. In the same manner, although with fewer points of agreement, genera are collected into Orders, or Families, and these, in turn, into Classes.
114. But each of these may include members that agree in some important points, which are not common to the others. Of such are formed the intermedi- ate divisions of Subgenera, Suborders, and Subclasses.
115. There are two modes or systems of classification; the Artificial System of Linnaeus, and the Natural System of Jussieu.
116. In the Artificial System, the Classes and Orders are founded on the num- ber, position, and connection of the stamens and pistils, regardless of any other relationship. In the Natural System, every part of the plant is taken into consid- eration ; and the Orders embrace those genera which agree with each other in the greatest number of important particulars. The latter system is now in almost universal use, and is the one adopted in this work.
H. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.
*f* The numbers annexed to the names, or their definition, refer to the paragraphs of the preceding Sketch ; but those preceded by " Flora, p." refer to the pages of the Flora.
Abortive : not fully developed.
Abruptly pinnate," 43.
Accumbent: Flora, p. 24.
Achenium, 96.
Achlamydeous : without floral envelopes.
Acrogens: Flora, p. 585.
Acuminate : tapering into a slender point.
Acute: pointed.
Adherent : growing fast to another body.
Adnafe : same as Adherent.
Adnate Anthers, 72.
Aerial Roots, 10.
^Estivation, 68.
Air-Plants, 11.
Aggregate: crowded together.
Albumen, 101.
Alburnum, 30.
Alternate: scattered; one after another.
Alveolate : deeply pitted.
Ament, 53.
Amentaceous : bearing aments.
Amphitropous, 83.
Anatropous, 83.
Androgynous : containing both staminate and pistillate flowers.
Angiospermae : Flora, p. 1.
Annual: lasting only one year.
Annular : disposed 'in, or forming, a ring or circle.
Anterior: applied to that part of an axil- lary flower which is farthest removed from the main axis.
Anther, 71.
Apetalous : without petals.
Apiculate : tipped with a short abrupt point.
Appendage : something added to a part.
Appressed : lying near to ; pressed against.
Aquatic : growing in water.
Arborescent : tree-like.
Areolation : spaces between the leaf-veins.
Aril, 100.
Aril led: covered with an aril.
Armed: furnished with thorns, prickles, &c.
Articulated: divided into joints; connect- ed by a joint.
Ascending: ) curving outward and up- Assurgent: ) ward. Attenuated: gradually narrowed. Auriculate : eared ; bearing small lateral
lobes.
Awl-shaped : narrow and sharp-pointed. Awn : a rigid bristle-like appendage. Awned : bearing an awn. Axil : the point where the upper surface
of the leaf joins the stem. Axillary: borne in the axil. Axis: the central line of a body; the part
around which others grow.
Baccate : berry-like ; juicy.
Barbed: bearing rigid points which are
directed backward. Bark, 31.
Basal : belonging to the base. Beaked : ending in a stout point. Bearded : bearing tufts or lines of hairs. Bell-shaped : expanding from a short and
rounded base, into a spreading border. Berry, 93.
Bidentate : two-toothed. Biennial : lasting two years. Bifid : two-cleft.
Bifoliolate : bearing two leaflets. Bigliiiululiir: bearing t\vo glands. Bilabiate : two-lipped. Bipinnate : twice pinnate. Biternate : twice ternate. Bladders: small sacs filled with air. Blade : the expanded portion of a leaf,&c. Boat-shaped: see Carinate. Brachiate : with pairs of opposite branches
spreading at right angles. Bract, 45.
Bracted : furnished with bracts. Bractlet, 45. Bristle: a rigid hair. Bristly : beset with, or like, bristles. Brush-shaped: divided at the apex into
numerous hairs or filaments. Bud, 14. Bulb, 21.
Bulbous : shaped like a bulb. Bulblet, 21.
GLOSSARY.
XIX
Caducous: falling away early.
Caespitose: growing in" a tuft.
Callous: thickened.
Calyx, 63.
Cambium, 31.
Campanulate : see Bell -shaped.
Campylotropous, 83.
Capillary: hair-like.
Capsule,' 89.
Capsular: relating to, or with the char- acters of a capsule.
Carinate: keeled; bearing on the back a sharp lon
Cariopsis,
Carpel: a single pistil, or one of the parts ot a compound pistil.
Carpellary: pertaining to a carpel.
Carpophore : Flora, p. 157.
Cartilaginous : hard and tough.
Caruncle : an appendage of the hilum.
Caudate : tailed.
Cauciex, 17.
Caulescent : furnished with a stem.
Cauline: pertaining to the stem.
Cell : one of the cavities of the fruit or of the anther, &c.
Celled: divided into cells.
Cellular Tissue, 3.
Centrifugal Inflorescence, 48.
Centripetal Inflorescence, 48.
Chaff: thin scales or bracts.
Chaffy: furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff.
Chalaza, 82.
Channelled : with a deep longitudinal furrow.
Character: a phrase employed to distin- guish a genus, £c. from all others.
Chartaceous : of the texture of paper.
Chlorophyll : the green matter of leaves, &c.
Ciliate: fringed with a row of hairs.
Circinate : rolled inward at the apex.
Circumscissile, 89.
Cirrhose : bearing tendrils ; tendril-like.
Clasping: enclosing by its base, as a leaf the stem.
Clavate : club-shaped.
Claw : the stalk of a petal.
Clawed: raised on a claw.
Climbing: clinging to other objects for support.
Club-shaped : terete and gradually thick- ened upward.
Clustered: crowded.
Coated Bulb, 21.
Cobwebby: bearing fine loose hairs.
Cochleate: coiled like a snail-shell.
Coherent: growing together.
Column: the axis of a compound pistil; the united stamens of the Mallow Fam- ily; the united stamens and pistil of the Orchis Family.
Commissure: Flora, p. 157.
Comose: bearing a coma, 99.
Compound : composed of similar simple parts, 3t>.
Compressed: flattened.
Cone : the scaly fruit of the Pine.
Confluent: running together.
Conglomerate : heaped together.
Conical: cone-shaped.
Connate: growing together at the base,
as opposite leaves around the stem. Connective, 71.
Connivent : brought near together. Continuous: in one piece; not jointed. Contorted : twisted ; bent. Contorted aestivation: see Convolute. Contracted : narrowed ; not spreading. Convolute, 68. Cordate : heart-shaped. Coriaceous : of the texture of leather. Corm, 20.
Corneous : hard like horn. Corniculate : bearing a horn or spur. Corolla, 64. Corymb, 56. Corymbose : branched like a corymb ;
arranged in corymbs. Costate: ribbed. Cotyledons, 104.
Creeping : prostrate, and rooting. Crenate : having sharp notches on the
edge separated by rounded teeth. Crenulate : slightly crenate. Crested : bearing an elevated ridge. Crown: an appendage of the corolla at
the base of the limb. Crowned : bearing anything at the apex. Cruciform : shaped like a cross. Crustaceous : hard and brittle, like a shell. Cryptogamous Plants, 107. Cucullate: see Hooded. Culm, 16.
Cuneate: wedge-shaped. Cup-shaped : snaped like a bowl or cup. Cuspidate : ending abruptly in a sharp
point. Cuticle 31. Cylindrical: round and of nearly equal
"thickness. Cyme, 60. Cymose : arranged in a cyme.-
Decandrous : having ten stamens.
Deciduous: falling off at, or before, the close of the season.
Declining: leaning to one side.
Decompound: several times divided.
Decumbent: prostrate, but ascending at the summit.
Decurrent : with the edges extending be- low the main poiht of attachment.
Definite: few; a number easily counted.
Definite Inflorescence, 48.
Deflexed: bent downward.
Dehiscence : the manner in which closed organs regularly open.
Dehiscent : opening regularly.
Deltoid : triangular.
Dentate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by coarse and spreading teeth.
Denticulate : slightly toothed.
INTRODUCTION.
Depressed : flattened horizontally.
Descending: directed downward.
Diadelphous : collected in two sets.
Diandrous : having two stamens.
Dichlamydeous : having both calyx and corolla.
Dichotomous : forked.
Diclinous, 66.
Dicotyledonous: having two cotyledons. .Didymous: twin.
Didynamous: having four stamens, with two of them longer than the others.
Diffuse : loosely spreading.
Digitate : when the apex of the petiole bears five or more leaflets.
Dimorphous: of two forms.
Dioecious. 67.
Discoid: Flora, p. 184.
Disk, 73. Also the central part of the head of composite flowers.
Dissected: divided into many lobes.
Distichous : two-ranked ; placed on oppo- site sides of the axis.
Distinct: separate.
Divaricate : widely spreading.
Divided: parted nearlv to the base.
Dorsal : pertaining to Lack or outside.
Dorsal Suture, 80.
Downy : bearing soft short hairs.
Drupe, 94.
Drupaceous : with the characters of a drupe.
Duramen, 30.
Dwarf: below the common size.
Eared: see Auriculate.
Echinate : beset with prickles.
Elliptical : in outline twice as long as •wide, broadest in the middle, and rounded at each end.
Elongated: unusually long; extended.
Emarginate : notched at the apex.
Embryo, 102.
Emersed : raised out of water.
Endocarp : the inner layer of the pericarp.
Endogenous (stems), 32.
Enneandrous : having nine stamens.
Ensiform: sword-shaped.
Entire : with margins not toothed or di- vided.
Epigynous, 70.
Epiphytes, 11.
Equilateral : equal-sided.
Equitant (leaves) : two-ranked, with their bases clasped one within the other, and their sides facing the horizon.
Erose : with the margin irregularly scal- loped, as if gnawed.
Evergreen : lasting through the winter.
Exogenous, 28.
Exserted : protruding out of the surround- ing parts.
Exstipulate: without stipules.
Extrorse Anthers, 72.
Falcate : scythe-shaped. Family, 113.
Fan-shaped: folded or plaited like :i tan.
Farinaceous: mealy.
Fuse icle: a cluster.
Fascicled: collected in a cluster.
Fastigiate: rising to the same level : flat- topped.
Feather-veined, 41.
Female (flowers): bearing only pistils.
Ferruginous: of the color of iron-rust.
Fertile : bearing fruit.
Fibre, 4.
Fibrous Roots, 8.
Fiddle-shaped : oblong in outline, and contracted in the middle.
Filament, 69. Any thread-like part.
Filamentose : bearing or composed of threads.
Filiform: thread-like.
Fimbriate : with the margin cut into a fringe.
Fistulous: hollow.
Fleshy : soft and juicy.
Flexuous: zigzag; bent outward and in- ward.
Floating: resting on the surface of the water.
Floccose: bearing tufts of deciduous hairs.
Flora : a systematic description of the plants of a country.
Floral : belonging to the flowers.
Floret : one of the flowers of a cluster.
Flower, 61.
Flowering Plants, 106.
Flowerless Plants, 107.
Foliaceous : leaf-like.
Foliolate: bearing leaflets.
Follicle, 87.
Follicular: like a follicle.
Forked : divided into two branches.
Free: separate; disconnected.
Fringed: see Ciliate.
Frond : the leaf of a Fern.
Fructification : the fruiting state.
Fruit, 84.
Frutescent: shrubby.
Fugacious : continuing for a short time.
Fulvous: tawny.
Funiculus, 82.
Funnel-shaped : gradually dilated upward from a tubular base.
Furrowed : grooved lengthwise.
Fusiform : spindle-shaped ; broadest in the middle, and tapering at each end.
Geminate: by pairs.
Geniculate : bent abruptly.
Genus, 113.
Germination, 105.
Gibbous: puffed out.
Glabrous : free from roughness, or hairs.
Glands : small knobs or excrescences.
Glandular: bearing glands.
Glaucous: covered with a minute whitish
Glomerate : collected in a close cluster.
GLOSSARY.
xxi
Glumaceous ; glume-like, or bearing
glumes. Glumes : the scale-like bracts, &c. of
grasses and sedges. Granular: covered with grains. Gymnospermous Plants: Flora, p. 431. Gynandrous, 70.
Habit: the general appearance of a plant. Habitat: the native situation of a plant. Hairs: hair-like appendages of the cuticle. Hairy: furnished with hairs. Hastate or Halberd-shaped : dilated at the
base into two spreading lobes. Heart-shaped : ovate, with a sinus at the
base.
Heptandrous : having seven stamens. Herb, 26. Herbaceous, 26 ; of the color and texture
of a leaf.
Herbarium : a collection of dried plants. Hilum, 100.
Hirsute: beset with coarse hairs. Hispid : beset with rigid hairs. Hoary: grayish-white. Homogeneous : uniform in substance. Hooded : rolled inward or arched. Horn: an appendage like a horn. Horny : of the texture of horn. Hyaline: thin and nearly transparent. Hybrid, 112. Hypogynous, 70.
Imbricated, 68.
Imperfect (flowers), 66.
Incised : cut into notches or lobes.
Included : enclosed ; opposed to Exserted.
Incumbent: Flora, p. 24.
Incurved: bending inward.
Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted.
Indefinite Inflorescence, 48.
Indehiscent : not opening.
Indigenous: native to a country.
Induplicate : folded inward.
Indusium : Flora, p. 586.
Inferior: below, 103.
Inflated: puffed out, as if distended with air.
Inflexed : bent inward.
Inflorescence, 47.
Innate (anther), 72.
Inserted on: used in the sense of growing from a part.
Insertion : the mode of attachment.
Internodes, 14.
Interrupted : not continuous ; not jointed.
Interruptedly pinnate : with smaller leaf- lets between the larger ones.
Intervals: Flora, p. ISY
Introrse (anthers), 72.
Introduced : brought from another coun- try.
Inverted : turned upside down.
Involucel, 58.
Involucre, 58.
Involute : with the margins rolled inward.
Irregular (flowers), 66.
Jointed : separating across into pieces ; furnished with joints.
Keel: a sharp longitudinal ridge on the back of an organ ; Flora, p. 86.
Keeled: see Carinate.
Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the width greater than the length.
Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or-,
chis Family. Labiate : divided into an upper and lower
lobe or lip.
Laciniate : divided into irregular lobes. Lamellate : formed of thin plates. Lamina : the blade of a leaf, &c. Lanceolate : lance-shaped. Lanuginous: woolly. Lateral: placed at, or pertaining to the
side. Leaf, 33. Leaflet, 36.
Leathery: see Coriaceous. Legume, 88.
Lenticular: like a double-convex lens. Liber, 31.
Ligulate: strap-shaped. Ligula: Flora, p. 545. Limb: the expanded part of a leaf, &c. Linear : long and narrow, with parallel
margins.
Lip : see Labellum and Labiate. Lobe : one of the parts of a divided body. Loculicidal, 89. Lunate: crescent-shaped. Lyrate : pinnatifid, with the upper lobes "enlarged.
Marginal : borne on, or pertaining to, the edge or margin.
Medullarv Rays, 30.
Medullary Sheath, 29.
Membranous : of the texture of mem- brane.
Mericarp: Flora, p. 157.
Micropyle, 100.
Midrib: the prolongation of the petiole through the limb of a leaf.
Monadefphous, 70.
Monanclrous : bearing one stamen.
Moniliform : bearing short joints'; like a string of beads.
Monochlamydeous : bearing only one row of floral envelopes.
Monocotyledonous, 104.
Monoecious, 67.
Monopetalous : with the petals united into one piece.
Monosepalous : with the sepals united into one piece.
Mucronate : tipped with an abrupt slen- der point.
Muricate : beset with hard wart-like points.
Naturalized : introduced, but propagat- ing freely by seed.
INTRODUCTION.
Necklace-shaped: see Moniliform.
Nectary : any honey-bearing part.
Nerved (leaves), 40.
Netted-veined, 40.
Neutral (flowers): without stamens and
pistils.
Nodding : turning outward or downward. Nodes, 14. Nodose: knotty. Nut, 96. Nutlet: same as Achenium.
Obcordate : inversely heart-shaped. Oblanceolate : inversely lance-snaped. Oblique : unequal-sided, i Oblong: narrower than Elliptical, with
nearly parallel margins. Obovate: egg-shaped, with the narrow
end downward. Obtuse : blunt ; not pointed. Ochrea, 38.
Octandrous : having eight stamens. One-sided: borne one side of the axis. Opaque: dull. Opposite : placed directly against each
other, as leaves on the stem; placed
before, as stamens before the petals. Orbicular: circular. Organs, 6. Orthotropous, 83. Oval: same as Elliptical. Ovary, 76. Ovate : egg-shaped. Ovoid: a solid with an oval outline. Ovule, 76.
Palate : a prominence at the throat of some bilabiate flowers.
Palea: Flora, p. 545.
Palmate: hand-shaped; when the lobes or divisions spread from a common centre.
Palmately-veined, 41.
Panicle, 59.
Papery : of the texture of paper.
Papilionaceous (flower): Flora, p. 86.
Papillose : studded with minute wart-like prominences.
Pappus: the linJ^of the calyx of com- posite flowenlr
Parallel-veined, 40.
Parasitical : supported and nourished bv other plants.
Parietal, 81.
Parted : divided nearly to the base.
Partial: pertaining to the parts of a com- pound organ.
Pectinate : cut into fine parallel lobes.
Pedate: nearly as palmate, but with the lateral lobes divided.
Pedicel, 60.
Pedicelled : raised on a pedicel.
Peduncle, 50.
Peduncled : raised on a peduncle.
Peltate : fixed to the stalk at a point within the margins.
Pendent: hanging, drooping.
Pendulous : somewhat drooping.
Penicillate: see Brush-shaped.
Pentandrous : having five stamens.
Pepo, 91.
Perennial : lasting from year to year.
Perfect Flowers, 66.
Perfoliate: growing around the stem.
Perianth, 65.
Pericarp : the walls of the fruit.
Perigynium : Flora, p. 532.
Perigynous, 70.
Persistent: remaining late, as opposed to deciduoiis.
Personate : bearing a palate.
Petal, 64.
Petaloid: petal-like; colored like a petal.
Petiole: the stalk of a leaf.
Petioled : borne on a petiole.
Petiolule: the stalk of a leaflet.
Petiolulate : raised on a petiolule.
Phasnogamous Plants, 106.
Pilose : beset with stiff straight hairs.
Pinnae : -the primary divisions of a pin- nately compound leaf.
Pinnate, 43.
Pinnately divided, 43.
Pinnules: the secondary divisions of a
pinnately compound leaf. Pistil, 74. Pith, 29.
Pitted: marked with fine indentations. Placenta, 81.
Plaited. 68; folded lengthwise. • Plumose: feathery. Plumule, 103. Pollen, 71.
Pollinia: the pollen-masses of the Milk- weed.
Polyandrous : bearing many stamens. Polypetalous and Polysepalous : applied to a corolla or calyx with separate petals or sepals.
Polymorphous: of various forms. Pome, 92. Prickles : sharp and rigid appendages of
the cuticle.
Prickly : beset with prickles. Primine, 82.
Prismatic : angular, with flat sides. Process: a prominence or projection. Procumbent : resting on the ground. Produced: prolonged. Proliferous: where a cluster of flowers
arises out of another cluster. Prostrate : see Procumbent. Pubescence : hairiness in general. Pubescent: hairy or downy. Pulverulent : covered with fine powder. Punctate: dotted.
Pungent : ending in an abrupt hard point. Pyramidal : pyramid-shaped. Pyriform : pear-shaped.
Quinate : bearing five, leaflets.
Raceme, 55. Rachis, 50.
GLOSSARY.
XXlll
Ravs 57 ' the marginal flowers a head or cvrne- the partial stalks of an umbel.
Radiate or Radiant: bearing rays; di- vero-ino- from a centre.
Radical: near or belonging to the root.
Radicle, 103.
Raphe, 83.
Receptacle, 61.
Reclining: leaning or falling to one side.
Refracted: bent abruptly backward, as if broken.
Regular: of uniform shape and size.
Reniform: see Kidney-shaped.
Repand: wavy.
Resupinate : turned upside down.
Reticulate : disposed in little spaces, like network.
Revolute: rolled backward.
Rhizoma, 18.
Rhombic or Rhomboidal : diamond- shaped.
Ribs, 33 ; longitudinal ridges.
Ribbed : bearing ribs.
Root, 7.
Rootlet, 7.
Rootstock, 18.
Rostrate: beaked.
Rotate : whetl-shaped ; with a short tube and a spreading limb.
Rudimentary : imperfectly developed.
Rugose : uneven ; wrinkled.
Ruminated (albumen) : divided into lobes.
Runcinate: same as lyrate, but with the lobes directed backward.
Runner, 23.
Sagittate : arrow-shaped.
Samara, 97.
Scabrous: rough.
Scales : reduced leaves, or any small
and thin appendage. Scaly : beset with scales ; of the texture
of scales. Scape, 50.
Scarious: very thin and colorless. Scurfy : covered with minute scales. Secund: one-sided. Seed, 99. Segment: one of the parts of a divided
leaf, &c. Sepal, 63. Septicidal, 89. Serrate : with the margin cut into teeth
like a saw.
Serrulate : finely serrate. Sessile : not raised on a stalk. Setaceous : bristle-like. Sheath: the base of a leaf when it is
wrapped round the stem. Sheathing : enclosing the stem like a
sheath.
Shield-shaped: see Peltate. Shrub, 26. Silicic and Silique, 90.
Silky : clothed with fine appressed shin- ing hairs.
Silvery : white and shining.
Simple : of one piece.
Sinuate : with the margins cut into rounded incisions (sinuses) which ara separated by rounded lobes.
Solitary : standing alone.
Sorus : the fruit cluster of ferns.
Spadix, 54.
Spathe, 54.
Spatulate : dilated into a broad and rounded summit, from a slender base.
Species, 111.
Specific : pertaining to a species.
Spike, 52.
Spikelet: a small spike, or a branch of a
spike. >ind
Spindle-shaped: see Fusiform.
Spine, 24.
Spiny : armed with spines ; spine-iike.
Spiral Vessels, 5.
Sporangia: Flora, p. 585.
Spores: Flora, p. 585.
Spur: a hollow appendage of the calyx or the corolla.
Spurred : furnished with a spur.
Squarrose : covered with spreading scales.
Stamen, 69.
Staminate : bearing stamens.
Standard : Flora, p. 86.
Stellate or Stellar : radiating from a common centre.
Stem, 13.
Stemless, 13.
Sterile: unfruitful; imperfect.
Stigma, 78.
Stigmatic : belonging to the stigma.
Stipe : the stalk of an ovary or of a fern- leaf.
Stipel, 38.
Stipellate : funiished with stipels.
Stipule, 38.
Stipulate : furnished with stipules.
Stolon, 22.
Stoloniferous : bearing stolons.
Stomata, 33.
Strap-shaped : long and. flat, with par- allel margins.
Striate: marked with fine furrows.*
Strigose : bristly with rigid appressed hairs.
Strobile, 98.
Style, 77.
Subulate : awl-shaped.
Sulcate : marked with deep furrows.
Suspended: hanging.
Suture, 80.
Syngenesious, 72.
System, 115.
Tap-root, 8. Tendril, 25.
Terete : cylindrical ; round. Ternate : of three leaflets ; three in a whorl.
INTRODUCTION.
Testa : the covering of the seed. Tetrarnerous: in parts of four. Tetrandrous: having four stamens. Thorn, 24. Throat: the orifice of a tubular corolla,
calyx, &c. Tomentose : clothed with a close velvety
pubescence. Toothed: see Dentate. Top-shaped : like an inverted cone. Torose, or Torulose : knotted ; knobby. Torus, 61. Tree, 26.
Triaudrou* : having three stamens. Tribe: a subdivision of an order. Trichotomous : dividing into three
branches.
Trifoliolate: bearing three leaflets. Truncate : ending abruptly, as if cut off. Tube : the united part of a calyx or co- rolla.
Tuber, 19. Tubercle: a wart-like appendage; Flora,
p. 504. Tubercled : bearing tubercles, or crowned
with a tubercle. Tuberous : like a tuber. Tubular: shaped like a tube. Tumid : swelled ; thickened. Tunicated Bulb, 21. Twin : in pairs ; a pair united. Twining : rising by coiling around a
support.
Umbel, 57.
Umbelled: arranged in an umbel.
Umbellet, 57.
Unarmed : destitute of thorns, prickles,&c.
Uncinate : hooked.
Undulate : wavy.
Unequally pinnate, 43.
Unguiculate : clawed.
Unifoliolate : bearing a single leaflet. Urceolate : urn-shaped; pitcher-shaped. Utricle, 96. Utricular : formed like a utricle.
Valve, 85.
Valvate, 68 : opening by valves.
Variety, 111.
Vascufar Tissue, 5.
Vaulted : arched.
Veins, 33.
Veiny : furnished with reticulated veins.
Veinlets : the ultimate branches of veins.
Venation, 39.
Ventral Suture, 80.
Ventricose : inflated.
Vernation, 34.
Versatile, 72.
Vertical : with the edges directed upward
and downward, and the sides facing the
horizon. Vessels, 2.
Vexillum : Flora, p. 86. Villous : woolly.
Virgate : wand-like ; long and slender. Viscid : clammy ; glutinous. Vittse : Flora, p. 157.
Waxy : like beeswax.
Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and
tapering regularly to the base. Wheel-shaped: see Rotate. Whorl : a collection of parts arranged in
a ring or circle. Whorled : disposed in a whorl. Wing : Flora, p. 86 ; any thin expansion. Winged : furnished with wings. Wood, 30.
Woody : of the texture of wood. Woody Fibre or Woody Tissue, 4. Woolly : clothed with long and dense soft
haks.
III. ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.
|
Adans. |
= Adanson. |
Good. = |
Goodenough. |
|
Ait. |
Aitou. |
Griseb. |
Grisebach. |
|
All. |
Allioni. |
Gronov. |
Gronovius. |
|
Andr. |
. Andrews. |
Haw. |
Haworth. |
|
Am. |
Arnott. |
H. B. K. |
Humboldt, Bonpland, and |
|
Aubl. |
Aublet. |
Hoff. |
Hoffmann. [Kunth. |
|
JBaldw. |
Baldwin. |
Hook. |
Hooker. |
|
Bartr. |
Bartram. |
Houst. |
Houston. |
|
Beauv. |
Palisot de Beauvois. |
Huds. |
Hudson. |
|
Benth. |
Bentham. |
Jacq. |
Jacquin. |
|
Blgel. |
Bigelow. |
Juss. |
Jussieu. |
|
Boerh. |
Boerhaave. |
L. or Linn. |
Linnaeus. |
|
Brongn. |
Brongniart. |
Lag. |
Lagasca. |
|
Buckl |
Buckley. |
Lam. |
Lamark. |
|
Cass. |
Cassini. |
Lehm. |
Lehmann. |
|
Catesb. |
Catesby. |
L'Herit. |
L'Heritier. |
|
Cav. |
Cavanilles. |
Lindl. |
Lindley. |
|
Chapm. |
Chapman. |
Marsh. |
Marshall. |
|
Chois. |
Choisy. |
Mart. |
Martius. |
|
Darl. |
Darlington. |
Mey. |
Meyer. |
|
DC. |
De Candolle. |
Michx. |
Michaux. |
|
A. DC. |
Alphonse de Candolle. |
Michx.f. |
Michaux the younger. |
|
Desf. |
Desfontaines. |
Mill. |
Miller. |
|
Desv. |
Desveaux. |
Mcench. |
Mcenchausen. |
|
Dew. |
Dewey. |
MM. |
Muhlenberg. |
|
Dill. |
Dillenius. |
Murr. |
Murray. |
|
Ehrh. |
Ehrhart. |
Neck. |
Necker. |
|
Ell. |
Elliott. |
Nets. |
Nees von Esenbeck. |
|
Endl. |
Endlicher. |
Nutt. |
Nuttall. |
|
Engelm. |
Engelmann. |
Panz. |
Panzer. |
|
Fisck. |
Fischer. |
Pers. |
Persoon. |
|
Forst. |
Forster. |
Plum. |
Plumier. |
|
Gtert. |
Gaertner. |
Pair. |
Poiret. |
|
Gaud. |
Gaudin. |
Raf. |
Rafinesque. |
|
Ging. |
Gingins. |
R.Br. |
Eobert Brown. |
|
Gmel |
Gmelin. |
R. c/- S. |
Roerner & Schultes. |
|
c |
xxvi
INTRODUCTION.
|
Rich. = |
Richard. |
|
Saligb. |
Salisbury. |
|
Schk. |
Schkuhr. |
|
Schrad. |
Schrader. |
|
Schreb. |
Schreber. |
|
Schw. |
Schweinitz. |
|
Scop. |
Scopoli. |
|
ShuUlw. |
Shuttle-worth. |
|
SuUiv. |
Sullivant |
|
Tarr. |
Torrey. |
Tourn.
Trin.
Tuck.
Vent.
Wahl.
Wang.
Walt.
WaUr.
Wendl.
WiM.
Tournefort,
Trinius.
Tuckerman.
Ventenat.
Wahlenberg.
Wangenheim.
Walter.
Wallroth.
Wendland.
Willdenow.
IV. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.
(1) An annual plant.
(2) A biennial plant. 1J. A perennial plant.
0 The length in feet; as, " 2° long," two feet long. ' The length in inches ; as, " 2' long," two inches long. " The length in lines; as, "2" long," two lines long. (*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well
known.
Two adjectives connected by a hyphen denote a form intermediate between the two; as, "ovate-lanceolate," between ovate and lanceolate.
Two figures connected by a dash, as " stem 4°- 6° long," denote that the length of the stem varies from four to six feet.
n. sp. ) indicate that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously n. gen. ) characterized.
V. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT.
HAVING acquired a general knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the meaning of the peculiar terms employed in the science, the student proceeds to study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place the} occupy in the system.
His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164 natural orders or families contained in this work the plant he may have in hand belongs. Were he to attempt to compare it with the characters of each order successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging.
To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its •proper place in the Flora, some guide, such as is supplied by the following An- alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best explain its use.
Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass- wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with the SERIES of PH^ENOGAMOUS PLANTS, with which we find it to agree in having flowers.
Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the CLASS OP DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the seed, we have not been able to ascertain the number of the cotyledons.
We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the case, it comes under the SUBCLASS of ANGIOSPERMOUS PLANTS. The double floral envelopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the POLYPET- ALOUS DIVISION.
Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, — whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous. Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter- nate. Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1 -celled, or soli- tary and 2 -many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-celled; bringing it under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in anv wav connected
XXviii INTRODUCTION.
with the petals, or free from them. In ours they are free. Lastly, whether they are united into a tube, or in clusters, or are all separate. In ours they are sre united in five clusters, and the sepals are deciduous. This brings our plant to the natural order, TILIACE^E, 59, — the number referring to the page of the Flora where the order is described.
Turning to that page, and comparing our plant with the character of the order, we notice their agreement.
We then proceed to find the name of the genus. This is readily done, in this instance, by comparing the plant with the two genera comprised in this order. With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, 'and therefore we need not carry it further. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species of the genus TILIA, so named by Tournefort, and commonly called Linden or
Again, suppose the plant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass. Having flowers, it is, of course, Phcenogamous. But, cutting across the stem, we find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a white mass of cellular tissue, stud- ded with minute points, which are the ends of the divided threads of woody fibre ; the veins of the leaf run parallel from the base to the apex ; the floral envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant differs widely from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and we therefore turn to its alterna- tive, the CLASS of MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, on page xxxvii. of the Anal- ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these characters.
Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaceous, falls under the second heading, marked with two stars ( * * ).
Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully comparing the plant with the analysis that follows, we see, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from, the perianth. In ours it is free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth are glume-like, or otherwise. In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-vcined or par- allel-veined. In ours they are parallel-veined. Then, if the capsule is 1-celled, or 3 - 6-celled. In ours it is 6-celled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or ex- trorse. In ours they are introrse.
This brings us to the natural order LILIACE^E, described on page 480 of the Flora. It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, TCLIPA- CE/E. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ), our plant belongs to the second ; having a Palm-like stem. No. 10, Yucca, alone remains ; and to it our plant must belong.
Turning to page 485, where this genus is more fully described, we find it to embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the stem and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L., which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question.
VI. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.
SERIES I. PH^ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.
Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and producing seeds Avhich contain an embryo plant.
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual deposition of a new layer between the wood and bark. Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with ,the stem. Floral en- velopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more.
SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two.
DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals.
* Stamens and petals free from the calyx, hypogynous or nearly so.
•i- Stamens more than twice as many as the petals.
Leaves opposite, entire. Page
Leaves clotted. Stamens separate. Stigma small. HYPERICACB^I, 38
Leaves dotless. Stamens united below. Stigma radiate-peltate. CLUSIACE2E, 42
Leaves alternate.
Ovaries more than one, each 1-celled. Stems woody. Petals 6 or more, in two or more rows. Petals imbricated in the bud.
Anthers 4-celled. Dioecious vines. MENISPERMACE^, 15
Anthers 2-celled. Flowers perfect. MAGNOLIACEjE, 12
Petals valvate in the bud. Fruit pulpy. Albumen ruminated. ANONACE^, 14
Herbs. Ovaries embedded in the top of the large receptacle. NELUMBIACE^E, 18
Ovaries borne on the receptacle. Sepals and petals deciduous. RANUNCULACEJE, 2
Sepals and petals persistent. CABOMBACELiE, 18
XXX INTRODUCTION.
Oyary solitary, 1-celled.
Placenta central. Sepals 2, deciduous. Anthers introrse. PORTULACACKcE, 43
Sepals 5, persistent. Anthers extrorse. DROSERACE^, 36 Placentae parietal.
Calyx persistent. Capsule' 3-valved: placentae 3. CISTACE.«, 35
Calyx deciduous. Juice colored. Leaves simple, lobed. PAPAVERACE.E, 21
Juice watery. Placenta 1. Leaves 2 - 3-ternate. CIMICIFUGE.^, 2 Juice watery. Placentae 2. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. CAPPARIDACE.E, 31 Ovary solitary, 2 - many-celled. Stamens connected with the base of the petals.
Stamens united in a column. Sepals valvate. MALVACEAE, 52
Stamens united in a ring. Sepals imbricated. CAMELLIACE.E, 60
Stamens free from the petals.
Stamens united into a tube. Sepals persistent. CLUSIACEjE,
Stamens united in clusters. Sepals deciduous. TILIACEJE,
Stamens separate. Ovary 6-celled. Leaves tubular. SARRACENIACE.E,
Ovary many-celled. Leaves flat. NYMP1LEACE.E,
•»- -t- Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovaries more than one.
Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. Trees, with pinnate leaves. SIMARUBACE^E, 67 Flowers perfect. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-3-seeded. Aquatic herbs. CABOMBACE.E, 18
Fruit a many-seeded follicle. Fleshy herbs. CRASSULACE.E 149 Ovary solitary, 1-celled.
Leaves alternate. Fruit a legume. Leaves stipulate. LEGUM1XOS.E, S'5 Leaves opposite.
Fruit a capsule, with parietal placentas. Leaves entire, dotted. HYPERICACE^, 38 Fruit a capsule, with a free central placenta. Leaves dotless. CARYOPHYLLACE^, 45
Fruit a drupe. Shrubs, with trifoliolate dotted leaves. BUR3ERACE.ZE, 67
Fruit a berry. Herbs, with two peltate lobed leaves. BERBERIDACE^E, 16 Ovary solitary, 2-celled.
Flowers irregular : stamens monadelphous. Capsule 2-seeded. POLYGALACE.^, 82
Flowers regular : stamens separate. Capsule long, many-seeded. TILIACE.E, :>'.» Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Shrubs, with alternate leaves.
Flowers monoscious. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-valved. Stamens united. EUPHORBIACE.E, 399
Flowers perfect. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-winged, indehiscent. CYRILLACEJE, 272
Fruit many-seeded, 3-valved. ERICACEAE, 257 Ovary solitary, 4-celled. Stamens 8.
Style single. Low fleshy root-parasites, with scale-like leaves. MONOTROPE^E, 258
A shrub, with alternate leaves and bractless flowers. CYRILLACKE, 272
Styles 4. Flowers cymose. Capsule 4-lobed, spreading. CRASSULACE-E, 149 Ovary solitary, 5-celled. Stamens 10.
Style single. Stamens monadelphous. Leaves alternate, pinnate. CEDRELACtLE, 62
Stamens separate. Leaves opposite, pinnate. ZYGOPHYLLACKE, 63
Stamens separate. Leaves alternate, simple. PYROLE^, 258
Styles 6. Cells of the fruit separating into 1-seeded nutlets. GERANIACE^, 64
Cells of the fruit united. Leaves trifoliolate. OXALIDACKE, 63
Ovary solitary, 7-celled. Anthers opening by terminal pores. ERICACE/E. 257
Ovary solitary, 10 - 12-celled. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. ZYGOPHYLLACE^, 63
•i- H- -i- Stamens exceeding the petals in number, but not twice as many. Ovary 1-celled. Petals 4 : stamens 6.
Sepals 2. Flowers irregular. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. FUMARIACEtf!, 22
Sepals 4. Flowers regular. Embryo large. Albumen none. CAPPARIDACE^, 31 Ovary 2-celled.
Petals 3. Stamens 8, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled. POLYGALACE^, 82
Petals 4. Stamens 6. Fruit a silique or silicle. CRUCIFER^, 23
ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXxi
Ovary 3-celled. Leaves opposite.
Petals 5. Stamens 9. Leaves simple, dotted. HYPERICACE.B, 38
Petals 4 -5. Stamens 7. Leaves palmately 7-foliolate. SAPINDACE.ffi, 78 Ovary 3 -4-celled. Leaves alternate.
Petals 5-8. Stamens 10. Fruit indehiscent, 3 - 4-winged. CYRILLACE^E, 272
•i- -i- i- H- Stamens (the fertile ones) as many as the petals. Ovaries more than one.
Flowers monoecious. Stamens united into a 5-lobed disk. SCHIZANDRE.E, 12
Flowers dioecious. Anthers 4-celled. Leaves simple. MENISPERMACELE, 15
Anthers 2-celled. Leaves pinnate, dotted. RUTACE.E, 66
Flowers perfect. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. RANUNCULACE^I, 2
Style lateral. Ovules erect. SURIANACE.E, 149
Ovary solitary, 1-celled.
Flowers irregular. Fruit a legume. Albumen none. LEGUMINOS-SI, 86
Capsule 3-valved. Albumen fleshy. VIOLACE^, 32 Flowers regular.
Flowers monoecious ; the fertile ones apetalous. Fruit utricular. EUPHORBIACE^, 399 Flowers perfect.
Stamens opposite the petals.
Anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACE.E, 16 Anthers opening lengthwise.
Stamens and petals 3. Stigmas many-parted. CISTACEJE, 35 Stamens and petals 5.
Leaves a pair, opposite. Capsule 3-valved, few-seeded. PORTULACACK3E, 43
Leaves alternate, numerous. Capsule 2-valved. BYTTNERIACE^, 58
Leaves at the base of a naked stem. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACE^, 278 Stamens alternate with the petals.
Leaves opposite, dotted, exstipulate. Albumen none. HYPERICACE^I, 38
Leaves opposite or whorled, dotless, stipulate. Albumen present. ILLECEBRE.E, 45 Leaves alternate. Capsule 1-celled.
Leaves compound. Fruit a legume. MIMOSEJE, 88
Leaves simple. Stamens with sterile ones between. PARNASSIACRffi, 37
Sterile stamens none. DROSERACE^, 36 Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Trees or shrubs.
Fruit a double samara. Leaves simple, opposite. ACERACE^E, 80
Fruit a single samara. Leaves trifoliolate, alternate. KUTACE^E, 66
Fruit a berry. Leaves palmately 5-foliolate. VITACE^, 70
Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect, racemose. Stamens 5. CYRILLACEjE, 272
Flowers dioecious, clustered. Stamens 2. EMPETRACE^E, 410
Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Stamens united, the alternate ones sterile. GALACINE^E, 268
Ovaries 4-celled, aggregated into a head. Dioecious. BATIDACE^I, 411
Ovary 5-celled. Style single. Petals stalked. BYTTNERIACE.E, 58
Ovary 5-celled, or falsely 10-celled. Styles 5. Petals sessile. LINAGES, 62
•>- •»- -t- H- *- Stamens fewer than the petals.
Stamens 2. Petals 4, cruciform. Fruit a silicle. CRUCIFER^I, 23
Stamens 2-3 Petals 5. Flowers regular. Leaves opposite. CARYOPHYLLACE^!, 45
Stamens 4. Petals 5. Flowers irregular. Leaves alternate. KRAMERIACE^I, 86
* * Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx, or on a more or less perigynous disk. H- Calyx not adherent to the ovary. •H- Stamens as many as the petals.
Stamens monadelphous around the stalk of the ovary. PASSIFLORACE J3, 147 Stamens separate, opposite the petals.
Calyx truncate. Ovules 2 in each cell. Woody vines. VITACSLE, 70
Calyx valvate. Ovules single in the cells. Trees or shrubs. RHAMNACE^E, 72
xxxii
INTRODUCTION.
Stamens separate, alternate with the petals. Herbs. Leaves alternate Calyx deciduous. Capsule 1-celled.
Leaves opposite. Calyx persistent. Capsule 2 - 4-celled. Trees or shrubs'.
Fruit a double samara. Leaves opposite. Styles 2. Fruit a drupe. Ovary 1-celled. Albumen none.
Ovary 2-5-celled. Seeds with albumen. ) Fruit a capsule. Capsule fleshy. Seeds arilled.
Capsule 3-celled, inflated. Leaves trifoliolate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked Leaves simple.
TURNERACE.E, 146 LYTHRACE^l, 133
ACERACE.E, 80 ANACARDIACE^E, 68
CELASTRACE.E, 75
STAPHYLEACE.E, 77 ESCALLONIE.E. 151
numerous than the petals.
Ovaries more than one. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Succulent herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sepals and petals numerous. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Style arising from the base of the ovary.
Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a legume. Flowers mostly irregular. Ovary solitary, 2 - 5-celled. Style single. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled.
Leaves compound, dotted. Petals valvate. Leaves compound, dotless. Petals imbricated. Styles 2. Leaves alternate. Fruit a capsule.
Leaves opposite. Fruit a double samara. Styles 2-3, each 2 - 3-parted. Capsule 2 - 3-celled. Styles 3, entire. Petals clawed. Fruit a drupe.
•f- -i- Calyx adherent to the ovary. Herbs.
Ovary 1-celled. Capsule and 2-lobed calyx circumscissile. PORTULACACE^E, 43
Capsule 3-valved. Calyx 5-parted. Leaves rough. LOASACE^E, 146
Ovary 2 - 6-celled. Style single. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Leaves ribbed. MELASTOMACEJE, 131
ROSACEJE, 117
CRASSULACE^, 149
CALYCANTIIAOE^E, 129
CHRYSOBALANE.X, 118 AMYGDALE.E, 118 LEGUMINOS^E, 86
LYTIIRACE.E, ia3
BURSERACE-S:, 67
SAPINDACE.E, 78
SAXIFRAGACE.E, 151
ACERACEJE, 80
EUPHORBIACEjE, 399
MALPIGHIACEJE, 81
Anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves ribless. Styles or stigmas 2 or more. Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry, separating into 2 pieces.
Fruit berry-like, of 2 - 5 nutlets. Flowers not umbelled.
Flowers perfect. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate. Flowers monoecious. Fruit nut-like. Leaves whorled. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite.
Fruit dry. variously dehiscent, many-seeded. Fruit indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. Stipules between the petioles. Stipules none. Leaves dotted. Stamens numerous.
Leaves dotless. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves dotless. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves alternate.
Flowers umbelled. Leaves compound. Flowers not umbelled. Leaves stipulate. Fruit fleshy or baccate, indehiscent.
Fruit dry, woody, 2-valved. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers dioecious. Drupe baccate. Sterile flowers apetalous.
ONAGRACE^, 137
UMBELLIFER.^, 157 ARALIACEJE, 166
SAXIFRAGACE3I, 151 HALORAGE.E, 137
HYDRANGEA, 151
RHIZOPHORACE/E, 135 MYRTACE^l, 130 CORNACE.E, 167 COMBRETACE^E, 136
ARALIACE.E, 166
POME.E. 118 HAMAMELACE.*:, 156
CORNACE.E, 167
ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXlii
Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 2-winged nut. 1 <=TYl> Af,Af,F;s, ^n
Ovary2-5-celled. Fruit a 1 - 5-seeded berry J B1 Ovary 1-celled, with two parietal placentae. GROSSULACE^E, 145 Ovary 1-celled, with numerous placentae. CACTACE..E, 144
DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral' envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of more or less united petals.
* Calyx free from the ovary,
H- Flowers regular. ++ Fertile stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla.
Fruit a 1-seeded fleshy drupe. Evergreen shrubs or trees. OLEACE^, 368
Fruit separating into 2-4 nutlets.
Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATE, 310
Ovary not lobed ; the style terminal. VERBENACE^E, 305
Fruit a 2-celled capsule.
Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate, radical. PLANTAGINACR2E, 277
Capsule 2-valved. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bnd. SCROPHULARIACE^, 287
Ccrolla-lobes twisted in the bud. ACANTHACE^, 302
++ -H- fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.
Herbs. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. PRIMULACE.E, 279
Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs.
Anthers introrse. Calyx plaited, glandular. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACE^E, 278
Calyx not plaited. Fruit a drupe. Embryo transverse. MYRSINACEJE, 276
Anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Flowers racemose. THEOPHRASTACE^E, 276
Ovary 3 - 8-celled. Flowers clustered. SAPOTACE^E, 274
++ ++ ++ Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them.
Ovaries 2, separate. Juice milky.
Stamens united with the stigmas into a mass. ASCLEPIADACE^I, 361
Stamens separate and free from the stigma. APOCYNACE^E, 358
Juice not milky. Stems creeping. Utricle 1-seeded. MCHONDRE^I, 341
Ovary solitary. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite.
Ovary 2-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Corolla-lobes long. OLEACE^, 368
Ovary 4 -celled. Drupe 4-seeded. Corolla-lobes short. VERBENACE.3E, 305
Leaves alternate.
Flowers dioecious. Fruit baccate, 4 - 9-seeded. AQUIFOLIACEJ2, 268
Flowers perfect.
Ovary 2-celled. Corolla plaited or valvate. SOLANACEJi, 347
Ovary 4-celled. Corolla mostly imbricated in the bud. BORRAOINACKX, 328 Fruit a capsule.
Capsule circumscissile. Flowers on a scape. PLANTAGINACE^?, 27f
Capsule dehiscent by valves.
Ovary 1-celled. Leaves lobed, hairy or pubescent. HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 333
Leaves entire, smooth. ' GENTIANACE.35, 352
Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Stipules membranous or annular between the opposite leaves. LOGANIEJ5, 173
INTRODUCTION.
Stipules none. Capsule few-seeded.
Stems twining. Leaves alternate.
CONVOLVULACE^;, 340
Stems twining. Leaves none. Stems not twining. Leaves opposite or alternate. POLEMONIACE^E, 337
Capsule many-seeded. Style single.
Capsule 2-celled. Corolla plaited in the bud. SOLANACE.&. 347
Capsule 2-celled. Corolla imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACE^, 287
Capsule 5-celled. Stamens elongated. ERICACEAE, 257
Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled. HYDROLEACE^E, 336
the lobes of tin corolla.
Leaves compound, stipulate. Fruit a legume. MIMOSEA 88 Leaves simple.
Flowers dioecious. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit a berry. EBENACE^E, 273 Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous.
Stamens united into a column. Anthers 1-celled. MALVACEAE. 52
Stamens united in a ring or in clusters at the base. CAMELLIACE^E. 60 Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes.
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule many-seeded. ERICACEAE, 257
CoroUa-lobes valvate in the bud. Drupe 1-seeded. OLACACEJE, 61
•i- •<- Flowers irregular.
Stamens 6. Calyx of 2 sepals. Capsule 1-celled. FUMARIACEjE, 22 Stamens (the fertile ones) 2 or 4.
Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 2. Corolla spurred. LENTIBULACE/E, 282
Stamens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, reflexed. PHRYMEjE, 306
Stamens 4. Fruit many-seeded. Leaves scaly. OROBANCHACEJE, 286 Ovary 2-celled.
Albumen copious. Corolla imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACEJE, 287
Albumen none.
Placenta with hooked appendages. Corolla twisted in the bud. ACANTHACE^E, 302
Placenta not appendaged. Capsule large. BIGNONIACE/E, 284 Ovary 4-ceUed.
Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATE. 310
Ovary not lobed. Style terminal. VERBENACEJi, 305
# # Calyx more or less adherent to the ovary. Anthers united.
Anthers contorted. Vines climbing by tendrils. CUCURBITACE^, 143
Anthers straight. Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. LOBELIACEjE, 253
Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a 1 -4-seeded drupe. RUBIACE7E, 172
Flowers in a head. Fruifa dry achenium. COMPOSITE, 184
Anthers separate. Leaves opposite or whorled.
Leaves connected by stipules, or whorled. RUBIACE2K, 172
Stipules none. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. CAPRIFOLIACE^E, 169
Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. VALERIANACE^E, 183 Anthers separate. Leaves alternate. Herbs.
Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Capsule opening at the sides. CAMPANULACE/E, 256
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule valvate. PRIMULACE^?, 279
Shrubs. Flowers irregular. Stigma within a ciliate cup. GOODENIACE^, 255
Flowers regular. Anthers opening by a terminal chink. VACCTNIE/E, 257
Flowers regular. Anthers opening lengthwise. STYRACACE.E, 27i»
ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV
DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or altogether wanting.
* Amentaceous trees or shrubs. Flowers monoecious or dicecious.
•*— Sterile flowers only in aments.
Leaves simple, stipulate. » Involucre scaly. Seed entire. CUPULIFER&:, 420
Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Involucre none. Seed 4-lobed. JUGLANDACEJS, 418
H- Both the sterile and fertile flowers in aments.
Aments globose. Calyx none.
Fruit 2-beaked. 2-valved, many-seeded. Sterile aments spiked. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded, hairy. Aments single. Aments oblong or linear. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Stipules none.
Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed comose. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry, angled or winged.
Fruit enclosed in the confluent berry-like calyx.
# * Flowers not in aments. 4- Calyx and corolla none.
HAMAMELACE.E, 156 PLATANACE^E, 417
MYRICACE.E, 426 SALICACE^I, 429 BETULACE^:, 428
SAURURACE.E, 397
Ovaries 3-4, united below. Flowers perfect, spiked.
Ovary single.
Involucre none. Capsule 4-celled. Aquatic. CALLITRICHACE^, 398
Involucre spathe-like. Styles 2. Leaves alternate, parted. PODOSTEMACE^E, 399
Involucre 8 - 12-parted. Style one. Leaves whorled, forked. CERATOPHYLLACE^, 398 Involucre 4 - 5-toothed. cup-like, containing one fertile flower and
several sterile ones, each reduced to a single stamen. EUPHORBIACE^, 399
•t- -t— Calyx herbaceous or corolla-like. Ovaries more than one.
Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves stipulate. Stamens hypogynous. Stipules none. Embryo minute. Embryo and seeds large, curved. Ovary solitary. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Ovary 1-celled.
Fruit a 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. Anthers (and stigma) sessile. Tree parasites. Anthers on filaments.
Drupe berry-like. Stigma decurrent. Drupe dry. Albumen copious. Drupe dry. Albumen none. Ovary 6-celled, many-ovuled. Calyx tubular. Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled. Stigma capitate. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Stigmas 3. Leaves dissected. ' Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves alternate.
Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite. Calyx free from the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules and seeds numerous. Vines. Fruit berry-like. Stems erect. Capsule circumscissile.
ROSACES, 117
RANITNCULACEa:, 2 MENISPERMACE^:, 15
SAXIFRAGACE.E, 151 LORANTHACEJE, 397
CORNACE,E, 167 SANTALACE.E, 395 COMBRETACE^:, 136 ARISTOLOCHIACE.E, 371
ONAGRACKE, 137
HAMAMELACE^:, 156 MYRTACRE, 130
PASSIFLORACE^I, 147 CELOSIE.E, 379
xxxvi
INTRODUCTION.
Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves stipulate. Stipules sheathing. Leaves alternate. Stipules scarious. Leaves opposite. Stipules not sheathing- nor scarious. Flowers perfect Achenium 2-lobed, spiny. Flowers imperfect. Herbs. Stems twining. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed.
Stems not twining. Leaves serrate or entire. Trees or shrubs.
Juice watery. Flowers single or clustered. Juice milky. Flowers included in a fleshy receptacle. Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves without stipules. Stamens more numerous than the calyx-lobes. Anthers opening by valves. Anthers opening lengthwise. Calyx 6 - 6-parted. Calyx entire. Berry oval.
Stamens equalling in number or fewer than the calyx-lobes. Flowers with scarious bracts. Flowers without scarious bracts. Calyx corolla-like, plaited. Calyx herbaceous. Styles 2. Ovary2-12-celled. Leaves whorled.
A heath-like shrub. Calyx of imbricated scales. A prostrate annual. Calyx corolla-like. Leaves opposite.
Fruit a single samara. Calyx minute, persistent. Fruit a double samara Calyx deciduous. Fruit a drupe.
Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx. Flowers dioecious. Stamens hypogynous. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Herbs. Leaves alternate.
Ovules and seeds 1 - 2 in each cell. Flowers mono-dioecious. Fruit a drupe or capsule. Flowers polygamous. Capsule 3 - 4-winged. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Fruit a berry. Calyx colored. Fruit a samara. Leaves stipulate.
POLYGONACE^, 384 ILLECEBRE.E, 45
PETIVERIE^, 374
CANNABINACE^. 414 URTICACEJE, 411
ULMACE^E, 416 MORACE^I, 414
LAURACE.E, 393
POLYGONACE^, 384 THYMELEACE.E, 395
AMARANTACE^E, 378
NYCTAGINACE.E 372 CHENOPODIACE^, 375
EMPETRACE^E, 410 MOLLUGINEJE, 45
FRAXINEJE, 369 ACERACE^S, 80
RHAMNACE^;, 72 ORESTIEREJE, 36& LYTHRACE^I, 133
EUPHORBIACEJE, 399 SAPINDACE^E, 78
PHYTOLACCACE^:, 374 ULMACEjE, 416
Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Capsule circumscissile. Capsule 3-celled Flowers solitary. PORTULACACE.3S, 43
Capsule 5-celled Flowers cymose. CRASSULACEJE, 149
SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Ovules naked (not contained in an ovary), supported by an open scale or leaf, or else terminating a branch, and fertilized by the direct applica- tion of the pollen.
Stem branching. Leaves simple.
Stem simple, palm-like. Leaves pinnate.
CONIFERS. 431 CYCADACKE, 437
ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXvii
CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.
Stem composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and in- creasing in diameter by the deposition of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by threes. Cotyledon single.
* Floral envelopes none. Flowers on a spadix. Stem less, floating herbs.
Plants frond-like, with no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACE^, 442
Leaves clustered, spreading. Flowers axillary. Pistia in ARACE^!, 439
Caulescent, leafy, rooting herbs.
Fruit a berry. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. ARACKE, 439
Fruit an achenium. Stem immersed, floating. NAI ADAGES, 444
Stem not immersed, erect. TYPHAC&E, 443
* * Floral envelopes (perianth) single or double^ not glumaceous. Ovary adherent to the perianth.
Stamens and pistil united into a column. Flowers irregular. ORCHIDACEJE, 452
Stamens and pistil separate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Flowers enclosed in a spathe in the bud. Aquatics. HYDROCHARIDACE^!, 450
Flowers without a spathe. Leaves reticulate. Terrestrial vines. DIOSCOREACEJE, 474 Flowers perfect.
Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3. Leaves minute. BURMANNIACE^, 451
Ovary 3-celled. Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. CANNACE.E, 465
Stamens 3. Anthers extrorse. IRIDACE^, 472
Stamens 3 or 6. Perianth woolly or scurfy. H^MODORACE^I, 469 Stamens 6. Perianth smooth or hairy. AMARYLLIDACE^E, 466
Ovary free from the perianth. Perianth single (calyx).
Flowers on a spadix. Ovary solitary. ARACE..E, 439
Ovaries 4. Stem leafy. NAIADACRflS, 444
Flowers on a scape, spiked. Leaves rush-like. JUNCAGINEffi, 447
Flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves oval. ROXBURGHIACE.2E, 479
Perianth double (calyx and corolla).
Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and glume-like. JUNCACKE, 492
Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and not glume-like.
Leaves ribbed and netted-veined. Fruit a berry. SMILACE^!, 475
Leaves parallel-veined.
Capsule 1-celled. Stamens, or the fertile ones, three PONTEDERIACEJS, 496 Capsule or berry 3- (rarely 4 or 6-) celled. Anthers introrse (except Lilium). Style single.
Stigmas 3, nearly sessile.
Styles 3. ) MELANTHACEJE, 485
Anthers extrorse (except Tofieldia). Styles 3 or 1. i Calyx and corolla unlike.
Ovaries few or numerous, forming achenia in fruit. ALISMACE^E, 447
Ovary solitary.
Palms. Calyx tubular. Leaves fan-shaped. PALIVLE, 437
Epiphytes Plants scurfy. • BROMELIACE^E, 470
d
XXXViii INTRODUCTION.
. Herbs. Stamens 6. Leaves 3 in a whorl. Flower single. TRILLIACE^;. 475
Leaves alternate, sheathing. COMMELYNACE^, 497
Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACE2E, 498
Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. XYRIDACE^E, 499
Stamens 3 or 4. Flowers monoecious, capitate. Scape leafless.
ERIOCAULOXACELE, 502 » * * Flowers glumaceous, i. e. with scale-like bracts, in place of proper floral envelopes.
Bracts single. Sheaths closed. Fruit an achenium. CYPERACE.E, 504
Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. GRAMINE.E, 545
SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo.
CLASS m. ACROGENS.
Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue, growing from the apex only.
Fructification borne on the under side of a peltate scale. EQUISETACK&, 585
Fructification borne on the back or margins of the leaves (fronds). FILICES, 585
Fructification borne in the axil of small leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIACE^:, 600
Fructification borne at the base of the leaves. HYDROPTERIDES, 602
FLORA
SOUTHERN UNITED STATES-
SERIES I.
PH^ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.
VEGETABLES furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and producing seeds which contain an embryo.
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas- ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo- sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves reticulate-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more.
SUBCLASS 1. ANGIOSPERM^. •
Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two.
DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. 1
2 RANUNCULACEjE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
ORDER I. RANUJVCULACE^I. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
Herbs or climbing shrubs, with a watery acrid juice. Leaves com- monly divided, their petioles dilated at the base, without stipules. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15, distinct, often colored. Petals 5-15, deciduous, often wanting. Stamens hypogynous, indefi- nite. Ovaries distinct, numerous, rarely few or solitary, 1-celled, 1 - many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy or horny albumen.
Synopsis of the Genera.
TRIBE I. CLiEMATIDE.fl3. Sepals valvate in the bud, colored. Petals stamen-like or none. Style elongated, persistent. Fruit an achenium. — Chiefly vines Leaves opposite.
1. ATKAQENE. Petals small and stamen-like.
2. CLEMATIS. Petals none.
TRIBE II. ANEMONES. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals none. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Floral leaves often whorled, forming an involucre.
3. ANEMONE. Involucre leaf-like and distant from the long-peduncled flowers.
4. HEPATICA. Involucre calyx-like and close to the flower.
5. THALICTRUM. Flowers panicled and without an involucre (except in No. 6). Achenia
ribbed or inflated. Leaves compound.
6. TRAUTVETTERIA. Flowers corymbed. Involucre none. Achenia 4-angled. Seed erect.
Leaves simple, lobed.
TRIBE III. RANUNCUIiE-TO. Sepals imbricated in the bud, mostly herbaceous. Petals manifest. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Leaves alternate.
7. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia spiked. Leaves radical, linear.
8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Achenia capitate. Stems leafy.
TRIBE IV. HEL.L.EBORI1VE7K. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals of various forms, or none. Fruit a 1 - many -seeded follicle. Leaves alternate.
9. CALTHA. Petals none. Follicle many-seeded. Sepals yellow. Leaves simple.
10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none. Follicle few-seeded. Sepals white. Leaves compound.
11. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5, regular. Petals 5, spur-shaped, hollow. Follicle many-seeded.
Leaves compound.
12. DELPHINIUM. Sepals 5, irregular ; the outer one spurred. Petals 4, small ; two of them
spurred, the others stalked. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves lobed.
13. ACONITUM Sepals 5. irregular; the outer one large, hooded, and enclosing two long-
stalked, hooked petals ; the other petals stamen-like or wanting. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves lobed.
14. ZANTHORHIZA. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 5; the latter 2-lobed. Follicle
1 - 2-seeded. Shrubby. Leaves compound.
TRIBE V. CIMICIKrOK/M. Sepals imbricated !n the bud, colored. Petals small and
flat, or none. Fruit a follicle or berry. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 15 HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Ovaries numerous, forming a head of 1- 2-seeded berries.
Stems 1-flowered. Leaves simple, lobed. 16. ACT^EA. Petals 4-8, entire. Ovary solitary, forming a many-seeded berry. Flowers in
short oblong racemes. Leaves compound. \7. CIMICIFUOA. Petals 3-5, 2-cleft. Ovaries 1-8, forming many-seeded follicles. Ra-
cemes elongated. Leaves compound.
RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3
. >
1. ATRAGENE, L.
Sepals 4, colored, membranaceous, spreading, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals numerous, stamen-like. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Achcnia capitate, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose-beard- ed tails. Seed suspended. — Shrubby vines, climbing by the petioles. Leaves opposite, compound, from scaly buds. Flowers solitary, showy.
1. A. Americana, Sims. Leaves in opposite pairs, ternate; leaflets stalked, ovate, acute, entire or toothed, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles opposite ; sepals oblong-ovate. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April - May. — Flowers 2' - 3' in diameter, purple.
2. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER.
Petals none. Persistent styles naked or plumose. Otherwise as Atragene. — Herbs or shrubby vines. Leaves simple or compound, opposite. Buds not scaly. Flowers solitary or panicled, often polygamous or dioecious.
* Flowers solitary, nodding : calyx thick or leathery. •i— Stems erect, mostly simple, herlxiceous.
1. C. OChroleuca, Ait. Silky-pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, en- tire, reticulate, nearly sessile, at length smooth above ; tails of the achenia (l£' long) plumose. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May -June. — Stems 1° high. Flowers yellowish, 1' long.
2. C. Baldwin!!, Torr. & Gray. Stems mostly simple, slender, slightly pubescent ; leaves oblong, varying to linear-lanceolate, entire, or with three often divided lobes ; peduncles elongated ; tails of the achenia (2' -3' long) very slen- der, plumose. — South Florida. — Stems 1° - 1£° high. Peduncles 8' - 10' long. Flowers purple, yellowish within, the sepals woolly on the margins.
-•- -i- Stems climbing, herbaceous.
3. C. ovata, Pursh. Smooth ; stems erect or climbing ; leaves broadly ovate, short-pctioled, reticulate, glaucous beneath, the lowest sometimes com- pound or cordate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the margins ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — Mountains of Georgia, Carolina, and Ten- nessee. — Flowers purple ?, inclined. — Probably a form of the next. ( * )
4. C. Viorna, L. Smoothish ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, oval, or ob- long-ovate, mostly acute, somewhat membranaceous, entire or 2-3-lobed, the lowest pair often ternate ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate, tapering into a short re- curved point, not margined, rather longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia ( 1 £' long) plumose. — River-banks. May - August. — Flowers nodding. Sepals thick, reddish purple, 1 ' long.
5. C. crispa, L. Stem sparingly pubescent ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7 ovate, thin, 3-lobed or ternate ; those of the upper leaves entire, of the low- est lanceolate or linear ; calyx campanulate ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the stamens, the margins broad and wavy ; tails of the achenia (!' long) rigid; silky-pubescent. (C. Walter!, Pursh. C. cylindrica, Sims. C. line-
4 RANUXCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
ariloba, DC., an early state, when all the leaflets are linear.) — Swamps and banks of rivers. May and June. — Stems 2° - 4° high, somewhat shrubby at the base. Flowers !'-!£' long, pale bluish-purple.
6. C. reticUlata, Walt. Smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-9, oval, entire or 2 - 3-lobed, obtuse or mucronate, coriaceous, strongly reticulated ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, with spreading tips, not margined, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia (1^' long) slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina. May- July. — Calyx downy, dull purple.
* * Flowers panided : calyx thin, spreading, white: stems woody.
7. C. Virginiana, L. Smooth ; leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate or cordate- ovate, lobed or toothed ; panicle trichotomous, many-flowered, leafy ; flowers dioecious or polygamous ; sepals obovate, smoothish ; tails of the achenia long, plumose. — Swamps and meadows. July. — Leaflets 2' -3' long.
8. C. Catesbyana, Pursh. Pubescent ; leaves biternate ; leaflets ovate, mostly cordate, 3-toothed or lobcd ; panicle leafy, many-flowered, the branches divaricate, opposite, 3 — 5-flowered ; flowers dioecious ; sepals oblong, hoary ; tails of the achenia plumose. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem climbing high. Leaves and flowers smaller than the last.
9. C. holosericea, Pursh. Silky-pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire ; flowers dioecious, in paniculate corymbs ; sepals lin- ear, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — South Carolina, Walter. — Flowers small, white. ( * )
3. ANEMONE, L. WIND-FLOWER.
Sepals 4 -20, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens indefinite. Filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous. Ovule solitary. Achenia capitate, compressed, pointed by the short, naked or woolly, straight or hooked, persistent style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with naked stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 opposite or whorled and divided leaves, which form an involucre remote from the flower. Radical leaves lobed or divided.
1. A. nemorosa, L. (WOOD ANEMONE.) Smooth or pubescent ; stem 1 -flowered ; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-parted, the divisions ovate- lanceolate, lobcd and toothed, longer than the peduncle ; sepals 4-6, oval, white ; achenia 15-20, pointed by the hooked persistent style. — Open woods along the mountains and northward. March -April. — Stems 4' -6' high. Radical leaf solitary.
2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (CAROLINA ANEMONE.) Stem slender, 1-flowered ; peduncle many times longer than the small, sessile, 3-leavcd, 3-toothed involucre ; radical leaves 2-3, long-petioled, ternate, deeply parted, lobed and toothed ; sepals 14-20, oblong, white ; achenia numerous in a cylin- drical-oblong head, woolly. — North Carolina and westward. March. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. Flowers 1 ' in diameter.
RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5
3. A. Virginiana, L. (VIRGINIA ANEMONE.) Stem hairy or woolly, at length many-flowered ; peduncles elongated, the earliest one simple ; lateral ones several times forking, and bearing a 2-leaved involucre and a single flower at each joint ; proper involucre 3-leaved, the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate or oblong lobed and toothed divisions ; sepals 5, oval, greenish, acute ; achenia numerous, in an oblong head, woolly. — Open woods in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. July - September. — Plant 2° - 3° high. Flower 8"- 9" in diameter. Radical leaves 3-4, similar to the involucre.
• 4. HEPATIC A, Dill. LIVER-LEAP.
Flowers and fruit as Anemone. Involucre close to the flower, 3-leaved, resem- bling a calyx ; its leaves sessile, ovate, entire. — A low, perennial herb, with scape-like, 1-flowered stems, and 3-lobed, long-petioled, cordate, persistent, radi- cal leaves.
1. H. triloba, Chaix. Lobes of the leaves rounded, entire ; stems hairy ; flowers purplish or white ; achenia oblong, hairy. — Shady woods, Florida and northward. Februaiy - March. — Stems 3' - 6' high.
5. THALICTBUM, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE.
Sepals 4-10, imbricated in the bud, colored, spreading, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Filaments filiform, clavate or flattened. Ovaries 3-15, 1-ovuled. Achenia sessile or stalked, furrowed or inflated, pointed by the sessile persistent stigma or short style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs. Leaves compound.
* Flowers polygamous or dioecious : sepals shorter than the stamens : stigma elon- gated: achenia nearly sessile, ribbed: leaves alternate, decompound: involucre none : flowers small, panicled.
1 . T. dioicum, L. Stems erect ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets thin, roundish, crenately 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; flowers numerous ; sepals greenish ; stamens and stigma filiform ; achenia sessile, or (in var. STIPITATUM, Torr. $• Gray) distinctly stalked. (T. rugosum & T. Carolinianum, DC.) — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. July -August. — Stem 1°- 1 £° high.
2. T. debile, Buckl. Stems low (8' -12'), procumbent or ascending, much branched ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets small, stalked, rounded, crenately lobed, smooth ; flowers few on axillary or terminal peduncles ; achenia oblong, strongly ribbed, short-stalked, as long as the slender style. — Rich woods, near Allenton, Wilcox County, Alabama (Buckley). March and April. — Stems branching at the base, slender.
3. T. Cornuti, L. Radical leaves long-petioled ; stem-leaves sessile (the common petiole wanting) ; leaflets thick, oval or oblong, 3-lobed or entire, often cordate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; sepals white ; stamens and stigma slightly clavate; achenia short-stalked. (T. revolutum, DC.) — Meadows and woods, Florida and northward. June - August. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Radical leaves very large. Leaflets varying greatly in size.
1*
G RAXUNCULACEJS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
* Floivers perfect : sepals longer than the stamens : stiama short : achenia raised on a stipe, inflated, veiny : leaves ternate or biternate, alternate : flowers few, panided.
4. T. Clavatum, DC. Stems slender, sparingly branched, naked below; leaves petioled, biternate ; leaflets thin, rounded, crenately lobed, glaucous be- neath; panicle corymbose, few - many-flowered ; flowers small, white ; achenia 5-10, somewhat crescent-shaped, short-pointed, long-stalked. — Mountains of North Carolina to Alabama. July. — Stems 1° - 2° high.
5. % nudicaule, Schweinitz. Stem slender, naked below, sparingly branched above ; radical leaf solitary, long-petioled, biternate ; stem-leaves very small, ternate ; leaflets thin, roundish, obtusely lobed, slightly cordate ; panicle 4-8-flowered ; flowers minute, greenish ; ovaries short-stalked. — Banks of the Yadkin Eiver, North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. ( *)
# # # flowers pet feet: sepals longer than the stamens : stigma depressed.' acJienia sessile, ribbed : stem-leaves whorled : flowers umbe'led.
6. T. anemonoides, Michx. Radical leaves biternate, long-petioled ; leaflets oval or roundish, cordate, 3 - 5-lobcd ; stem-leaves 2-3, sessile, ternate ; the long-stalked leaflets forming an involucre apparently of 6 - 9 simple leaves ; umbel 3 - 6-flowered ; sepals 6 - 10, white. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Root tuberous. Stems 6' - 10' high. Flow- ers J'-f in diameter.
6. TBAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mcy.
Sepals 3 - 5, orbicular, imbricated in the bud, colored, caducous. Petals none. Stamens indefinite ; filaments clavate. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Stigma recurved. Achenia capitate, gibbous, 4-sided, beaked by the hooked persistent stigma. Seed erect. — Erect, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmatcly-lobed leaves, and corymbose flowers.
1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Smooth; stem (2° -4° high) simple or sparingly branched above ; leaves uniform, reticulate, divided into 5-9 lanceo- late, toothed and serrate lobes ; those of the root broad (4' -6'), long-petioled ; <;orymb many-flowered. — Margins of mountain streams, Georgia, Tennessee, and northward.
7. MYOSURUS, L. MOUSE-TAIL.
Sepals 5-7, imbricated in the bud, spurred at the base. Petals 5-7, linear- spatulate. Stamens 5-20: filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Style subulate. Achenia 3-angled, imbricated on the filiform, elongated recep- tacle. Seed suspended. — Small annuals, with Ijnear radical leaves, and small, solitary, yellowish flowers, on a naked scape.
1. M. minimus, L. Scapes 2' -6' long, longer than the leaves; achenia beakless. — Augusta, Georgia (Elliott), and westward. April. — Fruiting-spike linear, 1 ' - 2' long.
E^:. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7
8. RANUNCULUS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.
Sepals 3-5, regular, herbaceous, concave, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 3-10, dilated, flat, furnished with a pit or scale at the narrowed base. Stamens mostly numerous. Filaments filiform. Ovaries few or numerous, 1-ovuled. Style short, subulate. Achenia capitate, compressed, beaked with the smooth, persistent style. Seed erect. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, the radical ones long-petioled. Flowers axillary or somewhat corymbed, white or yellow.
§ 1. Petals white, ivith a ye/low pit at the fxise: achenia ruqose.
1. R. aquatilis, L. Stems filiform, immersed; leaves petioled, divided into an indefinite number of capillary segments ; flowers axillary, remote, long- peduncled. (R. Pantothrix, DC.) — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts. July and August. }J. . — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves circular in outline.
§ 2. Petals yellow, with a small scale at the base. * Achenia muricate : annuals.
2. R. parviflorus, L. Silky-pubescent ; leaves small, the lower ones circular, 3-lobed, acutely-toothed ; the upper 3-parted or entire ; flowers very- small ; petals 3-5, as long as the reflexed sepals ; achenia narrowly margined, pointed with the short, recurved style. (R. trachyspermus, Ell.) — Waste places. April and May. — Stems erect, branching from the base, 6'- 12' high. Leaves rarely 1' wide.
3. R. muricatus, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves 3-lobed, crenate ; petals 5, longer than the calyx ; achenia pointed with the broad, straight style, broadly margined. — Waste places around Charleston (Elliott). March — April. Introduced. — Stem 12' - 18'-high.
* * Achenia smooth : chiefly perennials. •*- Leaves undivided.
4. R. alismaefolius, Geyer. Smooth ; stems ascending, rooting at the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate or entire ; petals longer than the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, tumid, slender-beaked. (R. Flammula, Ell. &c.) — Muddy banks and ditches, chiefly in the upper districts. May- July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers 3" - 5" wide.
5. R. pusillus, Poir. Smooth ; stems several, erect ; lowest leaves ovate or roundish, the others lanceolate or linear, entire or denticulate ; flowers mi- nute ; petals 1-5, as long as the calyx ; achenia in globular heads, barely pointed. (R. oblongifolius, Ell., a broader-leaved form.) — Muddy banks, Geor- gia to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers 2" wide. Stamens 5-9.
•*- -i- Leaves (at least those of the stem) ternately lobed or divided. ** Petals small, not exceeding the calyx.
6. R. abortivus, L. Smooth ; lowest leaves orbicular, cordate, undivided, crenate, those of the stem 3 - 5-parted, with wedge-shaped toothed divisions ; the uppermost sessile, 3-parted ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in glo- bose heads, pointed with a very short recurved beak. — Low grounds. March and April. — Stem 1°- 1 J° high.
8 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
7. K. recurvatus, Poir. Hirsute ; leaves all pctioled, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes wedge-shaped, sharply toothed ; petals minute, shorter than the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, pointed with a long and slender recurved beak. — Low grounds. April and May. — Stem 1° - 2° high.
8. R. sceleratus, L. Smooth; leaves 3-parted, with the divisions wedge- shaped, obtusely lobed and toothed ; the uppermost sessile ; petals as long as the calyx ; achenia in oblong or cylindrical heads, pointless. — Ditches and swamps, Charleston (Elliott). Introduced from Europe. April and May. — Stems thick, 1° high.
9. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Hirsute ; leaves ternate ; leaflets long- stalked, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate, acutely lobed and toothed ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in oblong heads, pointed with a broad straight beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Pe- tioles elongated, very hairy.
•M- •«• Petals much larger than the calyx : achenia in globose heads.
10. R. Purshii, Richardson. Stem floating ; immersed leaves divided into very numerous capillary segments, emersed ones renifonn, 3 - 5-parted, the lobes variously divided ; sepals reflcxcd ; achenia pointed with a short straight beak. — In still water, North Carolina and northward. May - July. — Stems 2° -4° long.
11. R. repens, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves ternate, or the earliest ones 3-lobed ; leaflets 3-lobed, toothed ; achenia strongly margined, pointed with the broad and straight or slightly-curved beak ; stems erect or prostrate, often bear- ing long runners. — Rich soil, chiefly in the upper districts. Var. y in the river swamps of the low country. March and April.
Var. /?. hispidus. Hirsute ; stem erect ; leaves ample ; peduncles long, with the hairs appressed. (R. hispidus, MX. R. Marilandicus and tomentosus, Poir : the latter a form with softer pubescence. )
Var. y. nitidus. Smooth or nearly so; stem prostrate (l°-2°long); leaves and flowers smaller. (R. nitidus, MM.)
12. R. palmatUS, Ell. Hirsute with appressed hairs; leaves small (!' wide), ternate or 3-parted, with the divisions ovate, sparingly toothed, those of the upper leaves lanceolate and entire ; achenia strongly margined, straight-beaked. (R. Carolinianus, DC.) — Swamps in the pine barrens, Middle Florida to South Carolina, rare. — April and May. Stems 1° high.
13. R. bulbOBUS, L. Hairy ; stem erect (1°- l£° high) from a bulb-like base ; leaves ternate ; leaflets 3-parted, with toothed lobes ; those of the upper leaves lanceolate, entire ; flowers large (!' wide) ; achenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. Introduced. May.
14. R. acris, L. Hairy; stem tall (2° -3°), branched above; leaves 3-paited, the divisions deeply cut into three wedge-shaped or lanceolate, acutely- toothed lobes ; the uppermost 3-parted, with linear entire lobes ; achenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low waste places, sparingly introduced from. Europe.
RANUNCULACF^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9
9. CALTHA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD
Sepals 4 — 10, regular, flat, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform. Ovaries 5-15, many-ovuled. Stigma sessile. Follicles capitate or whorled, sessile, spreading, many-seeded. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with cordate or reniform undivided leaves, and showy yellow flowers.
1. C. palustris, L. var. parnassifolia, Ton: $• Gr. Stem 1-leaved, 1 -flowered; radical leaves long-petioled, broadly reniform, sharply toothed ; se- pals oblong. (C. ficarioides, Pursh.) — Cedar swamps, South Carolina (Pursh), Tennessee, and northward.
10. ISOPYRUM, L.
Sepals 5 - 6, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5 and minute, or none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2 - 20. Ovules few or many, in 1 - 2 rows. Style short, subulate. Follicles sessile, membranaceous. Seed horizontal. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with alternate compound leaves, and solitary white flowers.
1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gr. Stem (6' - 12' high) slender, sparingly branched ; radical leaves biternate, on long petioles ; stem-leaves ternate, nearly sessile ; leaflets ovate and obovate, obtusely 3-lobed ; petals none ; ovaries 1 - 5 ; follicle 2-seeded. (Enemion biternatum, Raf.) — Shady woods, West Florida and westward. April. — Root commonly bearing small tubers. The plant re- sembles Thalictrum anemonoides in general appearance.
11. AQUILEGIA, L. COLUMBINE.
Sepals 5, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, prolonged downward into hollow spurs. Stamens indefinite. Filaments filiform, elongated. Ovaries 5, many-ovulcd. Follicles sessile, connivent, many-seeded, tipped with the elongated, filiform, persistent styles. Seeds horizontal. — Erect, perennial, branching, leafy herbs, with alternate ternately-compound leaves ; those of the root long-petioled. Flowers showy, nodding, solitary, or somewhat corymbed.
1. A. CanadensiS, L. Stems 2° high, smooth or slightly pubescent ; radical leaves biternate, stem-leaves ternate, short-petioled ; leaflets roundish or obovate, crenately lobed ; flowers scarlet, yellow within ; stamens and styles exserted. — Rocky woods, West Florida and northward in the upper districts. April and May.
12. DELPHINIUM, L. LARKSPUR.
Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost larger, and produced backward into a hollow spur ; the others flat. Petals 4, dissimilar ; the two upper with spurs which are received in the spur of the sepal, the two lower stalked ; sometimes (as in the annual Larkspur) all united. Stamens numerous, included ; filaments subulate. Ovaries 1 - 5, 1-celled, many-
10 . RANUNCULACFJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
ovulcd. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short-pointed. Seeds in two rows, horizontal. — Ercet herbs, with alternate petioled and palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.
1. D. azureum, Michx. Stem mostly simple, downy ; leaves 3 - 5-parted, the divisions cleft into 3 - 5-linear, toothed or entire, acute lobes ; racemes many- flowered ; pedicels and follicles erect ; spur slightly curved, twice as long as the calyx. (D. virescens, Nutt., with wider-lobed leaves, and larger greenish flow- ers.)— Rich soil, Florida and northward. May. 1J.. — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' wide. Sepals sky-blue, or sometimes whitish, tipped with brown. Lower petals 2-cleft, bearded.
2. D. trieorne, Michx. Stem simple, downy ; leaves as in No. 1 ; ra- ceme few-flowered ; pedicels and follicles diverging ; spur straight, as long as the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. 1J. . — Root tuberous. Stems 1° high. Raceme 6 -12-flowered. Sepals blue. Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded.
3. D. exaltatum, Ait. Stem tall, branching and haiiy above; leaves large, the lower 3 - 5-parted, the divisions cleft into 2 - 3-lanceolate or oblong coarsely-toothed lobes, the upper 3-parted with sparingly toothed or entire lobes ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels diverging ; follicles erect ; spur straight, rather longer than the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June - August. 1J.. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Sepals blue. Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded, brownish.
D. CONSOLIDA, L., the common annual Larkspur of the gardens, is becom- ing naturalized in some places.
13. ACONITUM, L. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE.
Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost large and helmet-shaped, the two lateral rounded, the lower smaller and oblong. Petals 2 or 5, the two upper long-stalked, produced backward into a short in- curved spur, the three lower minute or wanting. Stamens numerous ; filaments short, subulate. Ovaries 3-5, 1 -celled, many-ovuled. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short pointed. Seed horizontal, rugose. — Erect or trailing, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.
1. A. uncinatum, L. Stem smooth, vine-like, erect; leaves 3-5-cleft, with the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; raceme few-flowered ; flowers large, blue ; upper sepal helmet-shaped. — Shady banks of streams among the mountains and northward, rare. June and July. — Stem 2° - 6° long. Leaves rather rigid.
2. A. redinatum, Gray. Stem smooth, reclining ; leaves deeply 3-7- oleft ; the lobes cuneate, acutely toothed ; racemes numerous, few - many-flow- ered, flowers white ; upper sepal elongated-conical, soon becoming horizontal. — High mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stems 4° - 8° long. Leaves thin.
RANUNCULACE^i. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11
14. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall.
Sepals 5, regular, lanceolate-ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, small, gland-like, 2-lobed, short-stalked. Stamens 5-10: filaments short. Ovaries 5-10, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Style subulate, incurved, at length dorsal. Follicles sessile, gibbous. Seed solitary, pendulous. — A smooth trailing shrub with yellow roots. Leaves pinnate, long-petioled. Leaflets 3-5, ovate and lanceolate-ovate, incisely lobed and toothed from near the acute base. Flowers. small, in slender compound racemes, appearing before (below) the leaves, dark purple.
1. Z. apiifolia, L'Her. — Shady banks, Florida, and along the mountains of Georgia and northward. March and April. — Stems 2° - 3° high.
15. HYDRASTIS, L.
Sepals 3, ovate, membranaceous, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Ovaries 12-20, fleshy, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, ripening into 1-2-seeded, capitate, bright crimson berries. Style short. Stigma 2-lipped. — Stem erect from a thick, knotted rhizoma, simple, 1-flowered, leafy above. Leaves broadly cordate, palmately 5 - 7 cleft, the lobes toothed and sen-ate ; radical one solitary, long-petioled. Stem-leaves 2-3, the uppermost sessile under the stalked, greenish-white flower.
1 . H. Canadensis, L. — Rich shaded soil along the mountains of Georgia and Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 4' -9' wide, hairy when young.
16. ACTJEA, L. BANEBERRY.
Sepals 3 - 5, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 4 -10, spatulate, entire. Stamens numerous ; the filaments filiform. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, becoming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Seed horizontal. — Perennial herbs. Stems simple, bearing one or two twice or thrice ternately compound leaves, and a single oval or oblong raceme of small white flowers.
1. A. alba, Bigel. Smooth, or nearly so ; leaves large, 2 - 3-ternate ; leaf- lets thin, ovate or cordate-ovate, acutely toothed ; pedicels of the fruit very thick, red ; berry white. (A. pachypoda, Ell.) — Rocky woods along the mountains of South Carolina (Elliott), and northward. May. — Plant 2° high.
17. CIMICIPUGA, L. BUGBANE.
Sepals 4-5, ovate or orbicular, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 1-8, small, stalked. 2-lobed. Stamens very numerous: filaments fili- form, elongated. Ovaries 1-8, 1-celled, becoming many-seeded follicles in fruit. — Perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and white flowers in elongated slender racemes.
* Ovary mostly single : stigma large, depressed: seeds horizontal, smooth.
1. C. racemosa, Ell. (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Leaves thrice ternate; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, the terminal ones mostly
I '2 MAGNOLIAOK^K. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)
3-lobed ; racemes elongated, downy ; follicle broadly ovate, sessile. — Woods in the upper districts and northward. July. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Leaflets 2' long. Racemes 6' - 12' long. Flowers fetid.
* * Ovaries 3 — 8 : stigma minute : seeds vertical, chaffy.
2. C. cordifolia, Pursh. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets rigid, ovate or cordate-ovate, 2 - 3-lobcd, incised and serrate ; racemes panicled, elongated ; follicles oblong, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 30.40 hjgh. (*)
3. C. Americana/, Michx. Leaves thrice ternate ; leaflets thin, ovate, incisely toothed and serrate, the terminal one 3-cleft or 3-parted ; racemes pani- cled, elongated; follicles obovate-oblong, slender-stalked. — Alleghany Moun- tains, from Georgia northward. August and Sept. — Stems 3° -4° high.
OKDKU 2. MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)
Aromatic trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, and regular, solitary, hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals mostly simi- lar, imbricated in three or more rows in the bud. Stamens distinct or united. Anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, imbricated or whorled, 1- 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, baccate, or samara-like, distinct, or confluent in cone-like heads. Seed dry or baccate. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen.
Synopsis.
SUBORDER I. WINTERERS. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries in a single whorl, 1-ovuled, becoming coriaceous follicles in fruit. — Erect shrubs. Loaves entire. Stipules none.
1. ILLICIUM. Leaves evergreen. Flowers nodding.
SUBORDER II. SCHIZ ANDRE.K. Flowers monrecious. Stamens united. Ovaries im- bricated in a head, 2-ovuled, becoming scattered berries in fruit. — Climbing shrubs. Leaves deciduous, often toothed. Stipules none.
2. SCHIZANDRA. Stamens 5, united into a 5-lobed disk.
SUBORDER III. M AG1VOM K.K. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ova- ries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or somewhat woody, in cone-like heads or spikes. — Chiefly trees. Leaves entire. Stipules large.
3. MAGNOLIA. Fruit fleshy, dehiscent, persistent on the receptacle. Anthers introrse.
4. LIRIODENDRON. Fruit woody, indehisceut, samara-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse.
1. ILLICIUM, L. ANISE-TREK.
Flowers perfect. Sepals 3 or 6. Petals 9 -30, in rows of three, spreading. Stamens numerous, with short filaments. Anthers introrse. Ovaries 6 or more in a single whorl, sessile, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style subulate, recurved. Folli- <-les coriaceous, spreading, at length 2-valved. Seed ascending. — Smooth anise- scented shrubs. Leaves evergreen, entire, mostly clustered at the summit of the branches, petioled. Stipules none. Peduncles iu terminal clusters, 1 -flowered, nodding.
(MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) lo
1. I. Ploridanum, Ellis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; petals 20-30, lanceolate and linear, widely spreading, dark purple. — Sandy swamps, Florida and westward. May. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers flat, 1' in diameter.
2. I. parviflorum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals 6- 12, ovate or roundish, concave, yellow. — Southern districts of Georgia and East Florida. May and June. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1.
2. SCHIZANDRA, Michx.
Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5-6, ovate, concave, greenish. Petals 5 — 6, obovate-oblong, crimson. Stamens 5 : filaments united, forming a circular, 5- lobed disk : anther-cells widely separated. Ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, imbricated in a head, in fruit forming 1-2-seeded berries, which are scattered on the greatly elongated filiform receptacle. — A climbing shrub ; with alternate, oblong, membranaceous, deciduous leaves, and small long-peduncled flowers, from axillary buds. Stipules none.
1. S. COCCinea, Michx. Leaves acuminate, long-petioled, 3'- 4' long, often somewhat toothed ; uppermost flowers mostly staminate ; berries oval, red. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May and June. — Stem climbing high.
3. MAGNOLIA, L. U-MBKELLA-TREE. CUCUMBER-TREE.
Flowers perfect. Sepals .3, caducous. Petals 6-9, concave, spreading, de- ciduous. Stamens very numerous : anthers introrse. Ovaries numerous, im- bricated, 1 -celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of fleshy, 2-seeded, persistent follicles, opening on the back. Seeds berry-like, suspended by a slender cord of spiral vessels. — Aromatic trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered at the summit of the branches. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Stipules large, adnate to the petiole, at length deciduous.
* Leaves perennial.
1. M. grandiflora, L. (MAGNOLIA.) Leaves coriaceous, oblong, or ob- ovate, smooth and glossy above, rusty-pubescent beneath, flat or concave ; petals mostly 9, obovate, concave, clawed. — Light fertile soil in the middle and lower districts, South Carolina and westward. April and May. — A large tree. Leaves 6' -12' long. Flowers 6' -9' wide, white, changing to brown. Cone of fruit oval, 3' -4' long.
2. M. glauca, L. (SWEET BAY.) Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate and oblong, silky-pubescent, at length smooth above, glaucous beneath; petals 9, obovate, concave. — Swamps, Florida and northward. May and June. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves mostly deciduous northward, 4' - 6' long. Flowers 2' wide, white, very fragrant. Cone of fruit oval, !'-!£' long.
* * Leaves deciduous, acute at the base.
3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, obovate-oblong. acute, downy beneath, at length smooth ; petals 9, oblong-lan-
9
14 ANONACE^E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)
ceolate, acnte. (M. tripetala, Michx.) — Rich soil in the upper districts. May and June. — A small tree, witli irregular branches. Leaves l°-l£° long, on short petioles. Flowers 4' -6' wide, white. Cone of fruit oblong, 4' -6' long, rose-colored.
4. M. acuminata, L. Leaves scattered, oval, acuminate, downy beneath; petals 6-9, oblong-ovate, obtuse. — Upper districts, in rich shaded soil. June and July. — A large tree. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Flowers 3' - 4' wide, dull yellow and greenish. Cone of fruit cylindrical, 2' - 3' long.
* * * Leaves deciduous, auriculate or cordate at the base.
5. M. cordata, Michx. Leaves oval or roundish, slightly cordate, acute, white-downy beneath; petals 6-9, oblong, acute. — Upper districts in rich shaded soil. April and May. — A small tree. Leaves 4' -6' long. Flowers 4'- 5' wide, yellow. Cone of fruit oblong, 3' long.
6. M. Fraseri, Walt. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, spatulate-obovate, smooth on both surfaces, cordate and 2-eared at the base, on slender petioles ; petals oblong, obtuse, narrowed and unguiculate at the base. (M. auriculata, Lam. M. pyramidata, Bartr.) — Rich woods, Florida to Ten- nessee and westward. May and June. — A small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. Flowers 6' wide, white and fragrant.
7. M. macrophylla, Michx. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, oblong-obovate, cordate or slightly cared at the base, glaucous be- neath ; petals oblong, obtuse, the inner row narrower. — Shady woods in light soil, Florida to Tennessee : rare. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves l£°-3° long. Flowers 8' -12' wide, white, fragrant. Cone of fruit ovate.
4. LIRIODENDRON, L. TULIP-TREE. WHITE POPLAK.
Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, reflexcd. Petals 6, erect. Stamens numerous : anthers extrorse. Ovaries numerous, imbricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of samarajform, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded, deciduous carpels. — A large tree. Leaves angled, truncated. Stipules large, free from the petiole, deciduous. Flowers large, terminal.
1. L. Tulipifera, L. Leaves smooth, on slender petioles, mostly rounded at the base, somewhat 3-lobed ; the middle lobe appearing as if cut off, leaving a shallow notch; flowers bell-shaped, greenish-yellow, striped or tinged with orange. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. May- June.
ORDER, 3. ANONACE£2. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)
Trees or, shrubs, with simple, alternate and entire, feather-veined leaves, and solitary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6r in two rows, deciduous, valvate in the bud. Stamens numerous. An- thers adnate, extrorse, on very short filaments. Ovaries few or many,
MKNISFKKMACEA:. (MOONSEEJ> FAMILY.) 15
distinct or cohering in a mass, baccate in fruit. Seed anatropous, large. Embryo minute, at the base of ruminated albumen.
1. ASIMINA, Allans. I'APAW. CUSTARD-APPLE.
Petals thick ; the three outer ones larger and spreading. Stamens very nu- merous, crowded on the globular receptacle. Ovaries 3- 15, sessile, 1 -celled, few -many-ov tiled, baccate in fruit. Seeds horizontal, enclosed in a thin succu- lent aril. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers nodding.
* Flowers appearing with or before the leaves.
1. A. triloba, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovatc, acuminate, covered with A rusty pubescence, as also the branches when young, at length glabrous ; outer petals round-ovate, dark purple, 3-4 times as long as the hairy sepals. (Uvaria triloba, Toir.fr Gray.) — Banks of rivers, Florida and northward. March and April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. Flowers !'-!£' wide. Fruit oblong, yellow and pulpy when mature, edible.
2. A. parviflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, abruptly pointed, and like the branches rusty-pubescent, at length smooth ; outer petals oblong-ovate, twice as long as the calyx. (Uvaria parviflora, Torr. $• Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Shrub 2°- 5° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, thicker than those of the preceding. Flowers £' wide, rusty-pubescent, greenish-purple. Fruit oblong or pear-shaped, fleshy, few- seeded.
3. A. grandiflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, rigid, densely pubescent like the branches when young, becoming smoothish above ; outer petals large, round-obovate, many times longer than the sepals ; fruit small, obovate, 1 -few-seeded. (A. cuneata, Shuttl.) — Sandy pine barrens, Georgia and East Florida. March and April. — A small shrub Leaves 2' -3' long. Outer petals two inches or more in length, yellowish-white.
* * Flowers from the axils of present leaves.
4. A. pygmsea, Dunal. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaves coria- ceous, oblanceolate or oblong-wedge-shaped, obtuse ; outer petals oblong-obo- vate, many times longer than the sepals, pale-yellow, the inner ones purple within ; fruit cylindrical, pulpy, few-seeded. (A. secundiflora and probably A. reticulata, Shuttl , the latter a pubescent form, with smaller (!'- 2') oblong leaves and smaller flowers.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia. May -July. — Shrub A° - 3° high. Leaves 2'- 6' long, rarely 1' wide. Flowers ^'-3' wide.
OKDF.U 4. MENISPERMACE^G. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)
Climbing shrubby vines, with alternate palmately veined and often lobed leaves, on slender petioles, and small polygamous or dioecious flow- ers, in axillary racemes or panicles. Stipules none. Sepals and petals mostly alike, in two or more rows, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or
16 KERliERlUACEvE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)
more, hypogynous. Anthers 2 - 4-celled, opening longitudinally. Ova- ries 3-8, drupaceous in fruit. Seed and embryo curved, the latter large, in thin albumen.
Synopsis.
1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6- Anthers 4-eelled.
2. MENISPERMUM. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12 - 24. Anthers 4-celled.
3. CALYCOCARPUM. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12. Anthers 2-celled.
1. COCCULUS, DC.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Sepals and petals 6, each in two rows. Stamens 6 : anthers 4-celled, abortive in the fertile flower. Ovaries 3-6, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Stigma subulate, recurved. Drupe baccate, campylotropou*. Nut renifonn, rugose. Seed conformed to the cavity of the nut. Embryo semi- circular. — Leaves ovate or slightly cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobcd.
1. C. Carolinus, DC. — Woods and thickets, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Pubescent. Stem twining, 10° -15° long. Leaves very acute, rather rigid. Racemes of the fertile flowers simple, of the sterile compound. Flowers white. Drupe red.
2. MENISPERMUM, L. MOOXSKED.
Flowers dioecious. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12-24: anthers 4-celled. Ovaries 2-4. Stigma dilated, spreading. Otherwise as in Cocculus. — Leaves rounded, angular or lobed, slightly cordate and peltate at the base. Flowers white, panicled.
1. M. Canadense, L. — Banks of rivers, chiefly in the upper districts. July. — Stem twining. Sterile panicles elongated. Drupe black.
3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt.
Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 : anthers 2-celled ; those of the fertile flower abortive. Ovaries 3, 1-ovuled. Stigma radiate, many- cleft. Drupe oval. Nut smooth, excavated on the inner face. Embryo curved, foliaceous. — Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3 - 5-lobed. Flowers whitish, in compound racemes.
1. C. Lyoni, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Banks of the Apa- lachicola River, Florida, to Tennessee. May and June. —^Pubescent. Stem twining 20° - 50° high. Leaves 4' - 7' wide, with acuminate lobes, the lateral lobes wavy or angled. Drupe 1 ' long, globose.
ORDER 5. BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, petiolate, mostly divided leaves, and perfect, regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals in two or more rows of 2-4 each, imbricated in the bud, deciduous!. Stamens opposite
BKKBEKIUAOE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 17
the petals when of the same number. Anthers 2-celled, opening by up- lifted valves (or lengthwise in Podophyllum). Fruit baccate or capsular. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.
Synopsis.
* Anthers opening by uplifted valves.
1. BERBBRIS. Stamens 6. Leaves bristly-serrate. Shrubs.
2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Leaves compound. Herb.
3. DIPHYLLEIA. Stamens 6. Leaves peltate, deeply 2-cleft and lobed. Herb.
4. JEFFERSONIA. Stamens 8 Scape 1-flower^d. Leaves 2-parted. Herb.
* * Anthers opening longitudinally.
5. PODOPHYLLUM. Stamens 12 or more. Flower solitary in the fork of the two peltate,
lobed leaves.
1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY.
Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 6, obovate, often biglandular near the base. Stamens 6, irritable. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - 9-seeded berry. Seeds erect. — Shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves bristly serrate, often reduced to branching spines. Flowers racemose, yellow. Berries acid.
1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Smooth, spiny; leaves obovate, bristly-serrate ; racemes nodding, 6 - 8-flowered ; petals notched ; berries oval,' red. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May and June. — Shrub 2° -3° high, with dotted branches.
2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH.
Sepals 6, ovate-oblong. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, shorter than the se- pals. Stamens 6. Style short. Stigma minute, unilateral. Ovary thin, early ruptured by the two growing seeds, withering. Seeds globose, drupe-like, stalked. Albumen horny. — A smooth perennial herb, with large ternately-compound leaves, and small yellowish-green flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle.
1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Leontice thalictroides, L.) — Mountains of South Carolina (Elliott) and northward. April. —Plant l°-2° high, glau- cous when young. Radical leaf 3-ternate, on a long petiole ; those of the stem (mostly two) sessile, the upper one biternate. Leaflets ol>ovate-wedge-shaped, 2 - 3-lobed. Panicle few-flowered. Seeds glaucous.
3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx.
Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6. Stigma circular, depressed, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit baccate, 2— 4-seeded. Seeds erect. — A smooth perennial herb, with two large, alternate, peltate, deeply 2-clcft, lobed and serrate leaves, and a terminal cyme of white flowers.
1. D. cymosa, Michx.— Margins of streams on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves often 2° in diameter, the divisions 5 - 7-lobed. Berries blue.
18 CABOMBACEA;. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.)
4. JEPPERSONIA, Barton. TWIN-LEAF.
Sepals 4, petal-like, caducous. Petals 8, oblong. Stamens 8. Stigma nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, obovate, many-seeded, opening transversely on the back, near the summit Seeds numerous, furnished with a fleshy lacini- ated aril. — A low stemless perennial herb, with long-petioled, 2-parted leaves, and naked scapes, bearing a single white flower.
!•• J. diphylla, Pers. — Rich shady woods, Tennessee and northward. April. — Lobes of the leaves half-ovate, entire or toothed.. Scapes 6' - 12' high Flowers 1' wide.
5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. MAY-APPLE.
Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate. Stamens twice as many (in our species) as the petals. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma large, peltate, sessile. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Seeds enveloped in a pulpy aril. — A low perennial herb, with the naked stem terminated by two large peltate, 5 - 9-parted, lobed and toothed leaves, with a solitary nodding flower in the fork.
1. P. peltatum, L. (MANDRAKE.) — Rich woods, Florida and north- ward. April and May. — Stems 1° high, the barren ones terminated by a single centrally peltate leaf, smooth. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Flowers 1' wide, greenish. Berry l'-2' long, ovoid, yellow, fragrant.
ORDER 6. NEUUMBIACEJE. (NELDMBO FAMILY.)
Aquatic herbs, with large circular centrally peltate floating leaves, and solitary hypogynous flowers on long peduncles. Sepals and petals sim- ilar, in several rows, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefi- nite, the slender filaments prolonged above the linear, adnate, introrse anthers. Ovaries separate, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, imbedded in the flat sum- mit of the large obconical torus, forming large globular nuts in fruit. Stigma nearly sessile, peltate. Seeds suspended. Embryo large. * Al- bumen none.
1. NELUMBITJM, Joss. NELUMBO.
Characters of the order.
1. N. luteum, Willd. (WATER CHINQUEPIN.) —Lakes and still water, Florida, near Tallahassee, and northward and westward. Not common. July. — Rhizoma large, creeping. Leaves l°-2° wide, depressed in the centre. Flowers 5' - 6' wide, pale yellow. Appendage of the anthers linear.
ORDER 7. CABOMBACE^E. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.)
Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or dissected leaves, and solitary hypogynous flowers on long axillary peduncles. Sepals 3-4, colored
NY.MPH^KACE/E. (\VATKU-I.ILY FAMILY.) 19
inside. Petals 3-4, withering-persistent. Stamens 6-18 : anthers ad- nate, extrorse. Ovaries 2- 18. Ovules suspended. Capsule iudehiscent, 1-3-seeded. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen.
1. CABOMBA, Aublct,
Sepals and petals,') Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-4. Capsule l-3-seede<¥. — Stems filiform, branching. Submerged leaves opposite, divided into numerous filiform flattened segments ; floating ones peltate, entire. Flowers small, in the axils of the floating leaves.
1. C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves oblong-linear ; flowers white. (Nectris aquatica, Nutt.) — Ponds and still water, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stems 2° - 4° long.
2. BRASENIA, Sehreber. WATER-SHIELD.
Sepals 3-4, purple inside. Petals 3-4, linear, persistent. Stamens 12-18: anthers cxscrted. Ovaries 4-18. Capsule 1-2-seeded. — Leaves all peltate and entire, alternate, oval, on long petioles. Flowers axillary, on elongated peduncles, dull purple.
1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Ilydropcltis purpurea, MicJix.) — Ponds and slow- flowing streams, Florida and northward. July. — Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the leaves coated with a gelatinous, viscid exudation. Leaves 2' - 3' wide.
ORDER 8. NYMPH^EACETE. (AVATKK-LiLY FAMILY.)
Aquatic herbs, with peltate or cordate, entire, floating leaves, and? soli- tary white or yellow flowers on long peduncles. Sepals 4-6, colored inside. Petals numerous, hypogynous or perigynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous. Ovary many-celled. Ovules numerous, in- serted on the partitions. Stigmas radiate or peltate. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Embryo included in a sac at the extremity of farinaceous alBumen. '
1. TTYMPHJEA, Tourn. WATER-LILY.
Sepals 4, green outside. Petals oblong, inserted into the thin torus which envelops the ovary, the inner ones passing into stamens. Stamens numerous, inserted above the petals, the outer ones petal-like : anthers adnate, introrse. Ovary many-celled. Stigmas as many as the cells, linear, radiating around a globular central gland. Berry globose. Seed enclosed in a membranaceous aril. — Leaves orbicular, cleft at the base to the centre, floating. Flowers on elongated, often spiral peduncles.
1. N. odorata, Ait. (POND-LILY.) Rhizoma larsre, creeping; leaves 6'- 12' wide, entire, the sinus narrow and the lobes acute, or else with an open
20 SARRACEMACK.K. (l'l
sinus and obtuse lobes. (N. reniformis, Wait.) — Ponds and still water, Florida and northward. May- June. — Flowers white, -2'- 4' wide, fragrant, expanding in the morning. Petioles and peduncles occasionally villous.
2. NTJPHAR, Smith. YELLOW WATER-LI LV
Sepals 5-6, obovatc, yellow. Petals 10-20, stamen-like, hypogynotis. Sta- mens numerous, at length recurved, persistent. Ovary cylindrical, many-celled. Stigma sessile, circular. Berry oblong. Seeds smooth, without arils, — Leave.- cordate or sagittate, floating or erect. Flowers yellow, erect.
1 N. advena, Ait. (BONNETS. SPATTER-DOCK.) Leaves thickish. cordate, smooth or downy l>encath, often cmersed and erect, on stout petioles : sepals 6, the outer ones rounded ; petals numerous, thick and fleshy, truncate. — In still water, common, flowering through the summer.
2. N. sagittaefolia, Pui-sh. Leaves thin, floating, on slender petioles, ob- long, sagittate, smooth ; lobes at the base expanding ; sepals 6 ; petals trans- formed into stamens. — In still water near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina ; rare. June- August. — Leaves 1° long, 2' wide.
ORDER 9. SARRACENIACEJE. (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.)
Perennial marsh herbs, with hollow pitcher or trumpet-shaped leaves, and a naked or bracted scape, bearing few or solitary nodding hypogynous flowers. Sepals 5, colored, persistent Petals 5, imbricated in the bud. deciduous, rarely wanting. Stamens numerous : anthers adnate, introrse. Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled. Placentae central. Style single, 5-cleft, or umbrella-shaped. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen.
1. SARRACENIA, L. TRUMPET-LEAF. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.
Calyx 3-bracted. Petals obovate, drooping or incurved. Style umbrella- shaped, 5-anglcd ; the angles emarginate, and tearing the minute hooked stig- mas beneath. Capsule globose, rough, loculicidally 5-valved. — Scape bractless, 1 -flowered. Flowers large, purple or yellow. Leaves 1 -winged, hairy within, and usually containing water and dead insects. . * Flowers purple.
1. S. purpurea, L. (HUNTSMAN'S CUP.) Leaves short, spreading, the tube inflated, contracted at the throat, broadly winged ; lamina reniform, erect, hairy within, often purple-veined. — Mossy swamps, Florida and northward. April and May. — Leaves 4' - 6' long. Scapes 1° high.
2. S. Psittacina, Michx. (PARROT-BEAKED PITCHER-PLANT.) Leaves short, spreading ; tube slender, broadly winged, mai-ked with white spots, and reticulated with purple veins ; lamina globose, inflated, incurved-beaked, almost closing the orifice of the tube. — Pine barren swamps, Florida and Georgia April and May. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Scapes 1° high.
PAPAVEBACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 21
3. S. rubra, Walt. (RED-FLOWERED TRUMPET-LEAP.) Leaves elon- gated, erect, slender, narrowly winged, paler above, and reticulated with purple veins; lamina ovate, erect, beak-pointed, tomentose within; flowers reddish- purple. — Sandy swamps in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina and westward. May. — Leaves 10'- 18' long, shorter than the scapes.
4. S. Drummondii, Groom. Leaves elongated, erect, trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged ; lamina erect, rounded, short-pointed, hairy within, and like the upper portion of the tube white, variegated with reticulated purple veins. — Pine barren swamps, Florida to the middle districts of Georgia and westward. April. — Leaves 2° long. Scapes longer than the leaves. Flowers 3' wide.
* * Flowers yellow.
5. S. flava, L. (TRUMPET-LEAF. WATCHES.) Leaves large, erect, trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged; lamina yellow, erect, orbicular, slender- pointed, tomentose within, reddish at the base, or reticulated with purple veins.
— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. April and May.
— Leaves yellowish, 2° long. Lamina 3' - 4' wide. Scapes as long as the leaves. Flowers 4' - 5' wide.
6. S. variolaris, Michx. (SPOTTED TRUMPET-LEAF.) Leaves erect, trumpet-shaped, broadly winged, spotted with white near the yellowish summit ; lamina ovate, concave, arching over the orifice of the tube, hairy and reticulated with purple veins within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. May. — Leaves 6' -12' long, longer than the scapes. Flowers 2' wide.
ORDER 10. PAPAVERACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.)
Herbs with colored juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and solitary hy- pogynous flowers. Sepals 2-3, caducous. Petals 4-12, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Ovary 1 -celled, with parietal placentae. Capsule many-seeded. Embryo mi- nute, at the base of oily or fleshy albumen.
1. ABGEMONE, L. MEXICAN POPPY.
Sepals 2-3, hooded or horned. Petals 4-8. Stigmas 4-7, free, radiate. Capsule oblong-obovate, hispid, opening at the summit by 3 - 6 valves, which separate from the filiform persistent placentae. Seeds globular, crested, pitted. — Glaucous herbs with yellow juice, sessile, pinnatifid, bristly leaves, and showy white or yellow flowers.
1 • A. Mexicana, L Annual ; leaves pinnatifid-lobed, bristly and prickly, blotched with white; flowers white or yellow; calyx bristly. — Waste place* apparently native in South Florida. April and May. — Stem bran ching, l°-2" high
22 FUMARIACEA:. (FUMITORY FAMILY.;
2. SANGUINARIA, L. Puc< OON. BLOOD-ROOT.
Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-valved, the valves separat- ing from the filiform persistent placentae. Seeds crested — A stemless peren- nial herb, with orange-colored juice. Rhizoma thick. Leaves reniform, with 5-7 wavy or toothed lobes. Flowers white, solitary at the summit of the naked scape, fugacious.
1. 8. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, Florida and northward. March. — Scape 4' -6' high. Flowers 1' wide, appealing with the leaves.
The CORN-POPPY (PAPAVBK DUBIUM, L.) is occasionally met with ingrain fields and around dwellings.
ORDER 11. FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)
Smooth herbs with watery juice, alternate compound dissected leaves, without stipules, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4 ; the two outer or one of them spurred or gibbous at the base ; the two inner callous at the apex, and cohering over the stigma. Stamens 6, commonly united in two sets of three each, placed opposite the outer petals, hypogynous : anther of the middle stamen 2-celled, of the lateral ones 1 -celled. Capsule 1-celled and 2-valved, with two parietal placentae, or 1 -seeded and indeniscent. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen.
Synopsis.
1. ADLUMIA. Petals united, persistent. — A tender vine.
2. DTCENTRA. Petals connivent, deciduous ; the two outer ones gibbous at the base. - Stem-
less herbs.
3. CORYDALIS. Petals distinct, deciduous, one of the oute nes gibbous at the base. —
Caulescent herbs.
1. ADLUMIA, Raf.
Sepals minute. Petals united, free at the summit ; the two outer ones gibbous at the base, withering-persistent. Capsule linear-oblong, 4- 8-seeded. Seeds reniform, not crested. Stigma 2-crested. — A smooth biennial vine. Leaves bi- ternate, with tendril-like petioles. Flowers pale violet, in axillary and drooping pani '. £s.
1 A. Cirrhosa, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent. ) — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. July - September. — Stem 8° -15° long. Leaflets thin, obovate, 2-3-lobed. Corolla thick and spongy.
2. DICENTBA, Bork. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.
Sepals minute. Petals conniving, but scarcely united, deciduous or withering ; the two outer ones spurred or gibbous at the base. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Stigma 2-crested. Capsule 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. —
CRUCIFKR-E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 23
Stcmless perennial herbs, with ternately-compound and dissected leaves. Flow- ers racemose, nodding.
1. D. Cucullaria, DC. Khizoma granular, bulb-like ; scape simple, 4 - 10-flowered, longer than the (1-3) long-petioled linear-lobed leaves ; coroli' whitish, with two divergent, wing-like spurs, longer than the pedicel ; inner peta. minutely crested. — Rich woods, North Carolina and northward. April. — Scape 6' -9' high.
2. D. eximia, DC. Khizoma granular, scaly ; raceme compound, many- flowered, shorter than the (3-8) oblong-lobcd leaves ; corolla rose-color, 2-gibbous at the base ; inner petals conspicuously crested ; stigma 2-horned at the apex. — Mountain rocks, North Carolina and northward. June - September. — Scape 8' -12' high. Bracts purplish.
3. CORYDALIS, Vent.
Sepals minute. Petals separate, deciduous ; one of the outer ones sac-like at the base. Filaments united nearly to the summit, with a gland at the base. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded. Seed crested. — Caulescent, annual or biennial herbs, with bipinnate dissected leaves, and flowers in lateral and termi- inil racemes.
1. C. aurea, Willd. Stems diffuse; racemes simple; capsule knotted, drooping ; crest of the seeds scalloped ; flowers yellow. — Banks of the Apa- lachicola River (and as an annual weed in gardens), Florida to Mississippi and northward. March and April. — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaves finely dis- sected.
2. C. glauca, Pursh. Steins erect; racemes compound; capsule even, erect, crest of the seeds entire , flowers whitish, tinged with yellow and reddish. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. May. — Plant glaucous, 1° - 2° high. Divisions of the leaves coarser than the last.
ORDER 12. CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
Hovbs with pungent watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and reg- ular hypogynous racemose or corymbose flowers, on bractless pedicels. Fruit a silique or silicic. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Sta- mens 6 (rarely fewer), two of them shorter. Capsule 2-celled by a mem- branaceous partition which unites the two marginal placentae, from which the two valves separate at maturity, or indehisceut and nut-like, or sepa- rating into 1-seeded joints. Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled with the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways, or straight only in Leavenworthia. (The genera are distinguished chiefly by the fruit and seed ; the flowers being nearly similar throughout th» order.)
24 CRUCIFKK^K. (MCSTARD FAMILY.)
Synopsis. I. SILIQUOS^E. Fruit a silique, few -many-seeded.
* Cotyledons flattened, parallel with the partition, one edge applied to the ascending radicle
(accumbent). t- Valves of the fruit nerveless.
1. NASTURTIUM. Silique short, nearly terete. Seeds in two rows in each cell.
2. IODANTHUS. Silique elongated, terete. Seeds in a single row in each cell.
3. CARDAMINE. Silique linear, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row.
4. DENTARIA. Silique lanceolate, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row.
5. LEAVENWORTHIA. Silique oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight.
. -t- *- Valves of the fruit 1-nerved.
6. ARABIS. Sfflque linear, elongated : valves flattened.
* » Cotyledons flat, with one edge turned toward the partition, and the hack of one of them
applied to the ascending radicle (incumbent).
7. SISYMBRIUM. Silique sessile, nearly terete.
8. WAREA. Silique stalked, compressed. Petals on long claws.
II. SILICULOS^:. Fruit a silicic,
* Silicle compressed parallel with the broad partition, or globular. •»- Cotyledons accumbent.
9. DUABA. Silicle oval or oblong, many-seeded valves 1-3-nerveil.
10. VESICAK1A. Silicle orbicular, few-seeded : valves nerveless.
t- •»- Cotyledons incumbent.
11. CAMELINA. Silicle obovoid : valves 1-nerved.
» » Silicle compressed contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accumbent.
12. SENEBIERA. Valves of the silicle globular, rugose : seeds solitary.
13. LEPIDIUM. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds solitary.
14. CAPSELLA. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds numerous. *
HL LOMENTACE JE. Fruit separating transversely into joints.
15. CAKILE. Fruit 2-jointed.
1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CRESS.
Silique nearly terete, linear or oblong, or short and silicle-like, usually curved upward ; the valves nerveless. Seeds numerous, small, in two rows in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves pinnately-lobed. Flow- ers white or yellow, small.
1 . N. tanacetifolium, Hook. & Arn. Smooth ; stems diffuse ; leaves pinnately divided, with pinnatifid or toothed lobes ; silique oblong-linear, pointed with the short style, twice as long as the pedicel. (Sisymbrinm, W<ilt. S- Wal- teri, Ell.) — Damp soil, East Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Flowers minute, yellow.
2. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Smooth : stem stout, erect, branching ; leaves oblong-obovate, pinnatifid toward the base, toothed above, obtuse ; silique linear- oblong, pointed with the very short and thick style, four or five times as long as the pedicel. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida and westward. Febru- ary - April. ® — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers minute, yellow.
ORUCIKKK^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 25
3. N. palustre, DC. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect, branching ; leaves clasping, pinnatifid, with toothed lobes ; silique short, ovate or oblong-ovate, pointed with the distinct and rather slender style, barely half as long as the (spreading pedieel. — Wet places, North Carolina and westward. June -August — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers small, yellowish.
4. N. lacustre, Gray. Smooth ; stem sparingly branched ; immersed leaves pinnatcly divided into very numerous capillary segments, emersed ones lanceolate, serrate ; silique 1 -celled, obovate, pointed with the slender style, shorter than the spreading pedicel. — Rivers and cool springs, West Florida, thence northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers conspicuous, white.
5. N. officinale, R. Br, (WATKR-CRKSS.) Stems spreading and root- ing ; leaves pinnate, with the leaflets roundish or oblong and nearly entire ; silique linear (6'' -8" long), on slender spreading pedicels; petals white, twice the length of the calyx, — Ditches, £c., Florida and northward. Intro- duced.
2. IODANTHUS, Ton-. & Gnu.
Silique linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet-purple petals longer than the calyx. —A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid', and showy flowers in panicled racemes.
1. I. hesperidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hesperis pinnatifida, Mtchx.) — Banks of rivers, Tennessee and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. Pods 1' or more long, curving upward.
3. CARDAMINE, L.
Silique linear, flattened ; the valves nerveless, usually opening elastically from the base. Seeds several, wingless, disposed in a single row in each cell, sus- pended by filiform stalks. Cotyledons accnmbent. — Herbs. Leaves often un- divided Flowers purple or white.
* Perennials.
1. C. rotundifolia, DC Smooth; root fibrous; stem erect, simple, soon bearing from the root or upper axils long and leafy runners ; leaves oval or orbicular, often cordate, wavy or toothed, the lowest long-petioled and some- times sparingly pinmvtind ; silique subulate, spreading ; seeds oval. — Cool springs, in the upper districts and northward. May and June. — Stem 6' -12' high. Runners at length 2° -3° long. Flowers conspicuous, white.
2. C. rhomboidea, DC Smooth ; root tuberous ; stem simple, erect, without runners ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, with wavy margins ; the uppermost oblong-ovate, toothed, sessile ; silique linear-lanceolate, pointed with the slender style , seeds round-oval. — Cool springs. West Florida and north- ward. April and May. — Stem 12' -18' high. Flowers white, larger than in Xo. 1 .
8
•26 cRUCiFERji. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
* * Annuals.
3. C. spathulata, Michx "Radical leaves petiolate, spathulate, entire, pubescent with branching hairs ; stem-leaves linear Stem decumbent, silique linear, straight, spreading and slightly reflexed, pointed with the sessile stigma." (DC.) — High mountains of Carolina (Mickaux). (•*)
4. C. Ludoviciana, Hook. Low; stems branching and hairy at the base ; leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous oblong or linear sparingly toothed lobes, those of the root tufted ; silique broadly linear, erect-spreading, pointed with the sessile stigma; seeds orbicular, margined. — Waste places near dwellings, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stems 4' -6' high. Flowers small, white.
5. C. hirsuta, L. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect (1°- 2° high), branching; leaves pinnatifid, with numerous oval or oblong sparingly toothed lobes, those of the upper leaves linear and entire ; silique narrow-linear, erect, pointed with the nearly sessile stigma ; seeds oval, minute, marginless — Var. VIRGINICA. (C. Virginica, Michx.) Smaller (6' -10' high); lobes of the leaves linear or filiform. — Wet (the variety in dry) soil, Florida and northward. March and April. — Flowers small, white.
4. DENTARIA, L. TOOTIIWORT.
Silique lanceolate, flattened. Seeds ovate, disposed in a single row in each cell, on flattened stalks, not margined. — Perennial herbs, with creeping fleshy roots, and simple stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 palmately-divided leaves, and a single raceme of large white or purple flowers. Radical leaves on long petioles.
1. D. diphylla, Michx. Root not jointed ; stem-leaves 2, opposite or near- ly so, ternately divided; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed; those of the root similar ; racemes many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flow- ers white. — Rich shady woods, along the mountains and northward. April. — Stem 8' -12' high. Root pungent.
2. D. laciniata, Muhl. Root jointed ; stem-leaves mostly 3, whorled, ternately divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, lobed and toothed; the lateral ones 2-parted , those of the root similar or sometimes wanting ; racemes few - many-flowered, often shorter than the leaves ; flowers white or pale purple. — Banks of rivers in shady places, Florida and northward. Feb. - April. — Stem 4' -12' high.
3. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Root jointed; stem-leaves 2, small, opposite, 3-parted ; leaflets linear, toothed or entire ; root-leaves ternate, with large ovate crcriately-lobed and toothed leaflets ; racemes few-flowered ; flowers rather small, purple. — Shady woods, North Carolina and northward. April. — Stem 6' - 12' high..
4. D. multiflda, Muhl. Root tuberous ; stem-leaves mostly 3, whorled, 2 -3-ternately divided into very narrow segments ; flowers white. — Shady woods in the upper districts, Alabama and northward. Stems 6' -8' high. Leaves often as finely divided as those of the Carrot, sometimes approaching some of the forms of No. 2, but with smaller flowers, and longer petioles and pedicels.
CRUCIVERA:. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) -27
5. LEAVENWORTHIA, Ton-.
Silique oblong or oblong-linear, compressed, often contracted between the seeds. Seeds in a single row in each cell, orbicular, flat, winged. Embryo straight or nearly so. — Small annual or biennial herbs, with short 1 - few-flow- ered stems, pinnatifid leaves, and yellow, white, or purplish flowers, on elongated pedicels.
1. L. aurea, Torr. Leaves mostly radical, with 4 - 8 oblong toothed lobes, the terminal one larger and rounded; raceme at length 4-10-flowered; style manifest ; embryo straight. — On flat rocks in the upper districts of Alabama and westward. — Plant 2' - 6' high. Flowers yellow.
2. L. Michauxii, TOIT. Leaves as in No. 1 ; flowers mostly solitary, on radical peduncles ; style almost none ; embryo slightly curved. ( Cardamine uni- flora, Michx.) — Eocks, Alabama and Tennessee. — Flowers purplish or white.
6. ARABIS, L.
Silique elongated, linear, flattened ; valves 1 -nerved. Seeds numerous, in a single row in each cell, roundish, usually winged or margined. Cotyledons ac- cumbent. — Chiefly annual or biennial herbs. Radical leaves mostly pinnatifid ; those of the stem sessile and often cordate or sagittate at the base. Flowers white or rose-colored, in terminal racemes.
1. A. hirsuta, Scop, liough-hairy ; stems mostly simple, erect, rigid, very leafy ; radical leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, mostly entire ; those of the stem lanceolate or oblong, clasping, sparingly toothed; silique pedicelled, narrow- linear, erect, pointed with the sessile stigma ; seeds narrow-margined. — Rocky or sterile soil, Tennessee and northward. May. ® — Stems l°-2° high, often several from one root. Leaves i' - 1 ' long. Flowers small, the greenish-white petals rather longer than the calyx.
2. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half- clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright-white) twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; silique slender and curving upward, tipped with a distinct style. — Rocky banks near Nashville, Tennessee, and northward. May.— Silique lJ'-2' long.
3. A. deutata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish; stems slender, diffusely branched, erect or ascending ; leaves obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed, the lowest (2' -5' long) oblong-obovate, tapering into a slender petiole; the others smaller, oblong, clasping and auriculate at the base ; racemes at length elongated ; siliques scattered, narrow-linear, widely spreading, on short pedicels ; petals whitish, scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Tennessee and northward. May. —Plant about 1° high. Silique 1' long.
4. A. lyrata, L. Stem smooth, branching from the base; radical leaves tufted, pinnatifid, ciliate, those of the stem linear or lanceolate and entire ; silique pedicelled, very narrow, erect-spreading, pointed with the short style ; seeds with- out margins. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April -June. — Stems 4'- 10' high. Flowers white, the petals twice the length of the calyx.
CRUCIFERA:. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
5. A. Canadensis, L. Stem stout, simple, nearly smooth above ; leaves thin, downy, lanceolate, slightly toothed, sessile by a narrow base, the lowest coarsely or pinnatifid-toothed ; siliques curved, drooping, on rough pedicels ; seeds winged. (A. falcata, Michx.) — Dry or rocky places in the upper districts. May and June. — Stems 2° - 3° high. Silique 2' - 3' long. Flowers white. Petals oblong-linear, not twice the length of the hairy calyx.
6. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous; stem erect; leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, sagittate and clasping at the base ; pedicels short; petals (whitish) narrow, slightly exserted ; silique elongated, narrow-linear, recurved-spreading ; seed winged. — Rocky places, North Caro- lina, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Stem l°-2° high. Silique 2' -3'
7. SISYMBRIUM, L. HEDGE-MUSTARD.
Silique linear or oblong, terete or somewhat angled, with 1 -3-nerved valves. Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, margmless. Cotyledons linear-oblong, incumbent. — Herbs with simple or pinnately divided leaves. Flowers in ra- cemes, small, white or yellow.
1. S. canescens, Nutt. Pubescent and somewhat hoary ; stem simple or sparingly branched; leaves bipinnatifid, with small mostly toothed lobes; ra- remes at length elongated ; silique shorter than the spreading pedicel. (Carda- mine ? multifida, DC.) — Waste ground, Florida, northward and westward. March and April. (T) — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, greenish-white.
2. S. Thaliana, Gaud. Stem slender, branching, hairy at the base ; leaves hairy, toothed or entire, the lowest obovate or oblanceolate, tufted, the others small and scattered ; siliques linear, erect-spreading, twice as long as the pedi- cels. — Rocks and sterile soil, Georgia and northward. Introduced. March and April. @ — Stem 4' - 8' high. Flowers white.
3. S. offieinale, Scop. Stem tall (2° -3°), branching, and with the run- i-inate leaves pubescent ; silique subulate, nearly sessile, appressed to the rachis. — Waste grounds in the upper districts, and northward. Introduced. May - Sept. (D — Flowers pale yellow.
8. WAREA, Nntt.
Silique linear, flattened, long-stalked, recurved; the valves 1-nerved. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Cotyledons oblong, flat, incumbent. — Smooth and erect branching annuals. Leaves entire. Flowers showy, in corymb-like racemes. Petals long-clawed, white or purple.
1. W. amplexifolia, Nutt. Leaves oval and slightly clasping; petals oval, bright-purple ; silique linear. — Saud hills, Florida. September. — Stem l°-2° high.
2. "W. CUneifolia, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate ; petals obovate, white or rarely purple ; silique narrow-linear. — Sand hills, Florida and Georgia. September. — Stem 1° - 2° high.
OKUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 29
9. DRABA, L.
Silicic oblong- or oval, flattened parallel with the broad partition. Seeds nu- merous in two rows in each cell, compressed, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent.
— Small herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and yellow or white flowers iu ter- ininal racemes.
§ 1. DRABA. — Petals entire.
1. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Annual; minutely downy , stems leafy, sim- ple or branched ; radical leaves round-ovate, stalked, those of the stem oblong- linear ; silicle oval, a,s long as the pedicel. — Middle districts of Georgia, in dry soil, and westward. March and April. — Stem 2' - 6' high. Silicle 2"- 3" long. Flowers white.
2. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stems leafy and hispid at the base, smooth above ; leaves tufted, spatulate-obovate, hispid ; silicle linear-oblong, two or three times as long as the pedicel. — Sandy fields, Georgia and north- ward. February - April. — Stems 1'- 3' high. Silicle 4" -6" long. Flowers white.
3. D. CUneifolia, Nutt. Annual ; leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed ; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (!' -3'), at length equalling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; silicles oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — West Florida (Nutt.ull) and westward. March and April.
4. D. ramosissima, Desv. Perennial ; stems diffuse, pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate or the lowest oblanceolate and crowded, coarsely toothed ; ra- cemes corymbose-branched ; silicle lanceolate, flat, twisted, hairy ; style slender.
— Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. — Stems 4' - 8' long. Flowers white,
§ 2. EBOPHILA. — Petals '2-cleft.
5. D. verna, L. Stems naked, slender (2' -4' high) ; leaves radical, ob- long ; silicles oblong, smooth, shorter than the pedicels, scattered ; flowers small, white. — Waste places, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. (J).
10. VESICABIA, Lam.
Silicle globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or sev- eral, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubescent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow.
1- V. Lescurii, Gray. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems dif- fusely ascending from a biennial root ; leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base ; racemes elongated, many- flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ; style half the length of the hispid orbicular or broadly oval flattened silicle ; seeds wing-mar- gined, one to four in each cell. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee. April and May. — Flowers golden yellow.
30 (jRuciFERjK. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
11. CAMELINA, Grant/..
Silicic ovoid or pear-shaped, flattened parallel to the broad partition ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. — Flowers small, yellow.
1. C. sativa, Crantz. Leaves alternate, sagittate; silicic large. — Fields, North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. ®.
12. SENEBIERA, Poir.
Silicic didymous, compressed contrary to the narrow partition ; the cells glol>- ular, 1 -seeded, crested or pitted, indehiscent, at maturity separating from the par- tition. Cotyledons incumbent. — Annual or biennial diffuse strong-scented herbs, with pinnately lobed or divided leaves, and minute white flowers, in short ra- cemes, opposite the leaves. Stamens 2, 4, or 6.
1. S. pinnatifida, DC. Stem prostrate; leaves ' deeply pinnatifid, with the numerous lobes toothed on the upper edge ; silicic pitted, emarginate at both ends. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. March - May. — Racemes m any -flowered .
2. S. Coronopus, Poir. Stem prostrate; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with the lobes entire, toothed, or pinnatifid ; silicles not emarginate, the margins crested. — Waste places. Introduced. March and April.
13. LEPIDIUM, L. PEPPERGRASS.
Silicic rounded or obcordate, compressed contrary to the narrow partition ; valves carinate ; cells 1 -seeded. Cotyledons accumbent and incumbent. Petals sometimes wanting. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. — Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnately divided. Flowers minute, in terminal racemes.
1 . L. Virginicum, L. Smooth ; stem erect, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, sharply toothed, the lowest tapering and mostly pinnatifid toward the base ; silicic orbicular, wingless ; cotyledons accumbent ; stamens mostly two. — Waste places, very common. March - June. ® — Stem 1 ° - 2° high.
14. CAPSELLA, Vent. SHEPHERD'S PI;RSE.
Silicic triangular-wedge-shaped, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, many-seeded ; valves wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. — An annual herb, with the radical leaves clustered and pinnatifid ; those of the stem clasping and often entire. Racemes elongated. Silicic shorter than the spreading pedicel. Flowers white.
1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Mcench. — Waste ground, Florida and northward. March and April. Introduced.
15. CAKILE, Tourn.
Silicle 2-jointed ; the joints thick, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. Seed of the upper joint erect, of the lower suspended. Cotyledons accumbent. — Fleshy sea-side annu- als, with pinnatifid or lobcd leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes op- posite the leaves.
CAPPARIDACE.E. (CAPER FAMILY.) 31
1. C. maritima, Scop, var. sequalis. Smooth; stem much branched, prostrate ; leaves oblong, irregularly toothed or pinnatifid, narrowed intc a petiole as long as the limb ; flowering racemes short and corymb-like, fruiting ones elongated ; petals wedge-obovate, emarginatc ; mature silicic linear, 8-ribbed, the upper joint ovate-lanceolate, slightly compressed, beak-pointed, one third longer than the cylindrical lower one ; cotyledons linear, 3-angled. (C. sequa- lis, L'Her.) — Drifting sands along the coast. May -August. — Steins l°-2° long. Flowers pale purple.
ORDER 13. CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with acrid watery juice, alternate, simple or palmately-compound leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers. Stipules spiny or wanting. — Sepals 4, imbricated or valvate in the bud. Petals 4. mostly clawed. Stamens 6 or numerous. Ovary 1-celled : ovules am- phitropous or carnpylotropous, attached to the two parietal placentae. Fruit silique-like, and 2-valved or indehiscent. Seeds reniform, without albumen. Embryo curved.
Synopsis.
* Calyx 4 -sepalous. — Herbs.
1. POLAN1SIA. Stamens 8 32, free. Torus short. Style filiform.
2. CLEOME. Stamens 6. free. Torus short. Stigma sessile.
3. GYNANDROPSIS. Stamens 6. Filaments partly united with the stipe of the ovary.
* * Calyx 4-parted. — Shrubs.
4. CAPPAKIS. Stamens numerous, free. Leaves entire.
1. POLANISIA, Eaf.
Petals clawed. Stamens 8-32 : filaments free, unequal, filiform. Torus short, bearing a truncated or emarginatc gland on the upper side. Ovary sessile or short-stipitatc. Style filiform. Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Annual clammy herbs, with palmately trifoliolate petioled leaves, and racemose flowers.
1. P. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, branching ; leaflets filiform, longer than the petiole ; petals oval, entire, short-clawed, unequal ; sta- mens 12-15; capsule linear, smooth, short-stipitate, pointed with the persistent style ; seeds minute, circular. — Georgia (Le Conte) and South Florida (Blodgett). — Stem l°-2° high Flowers white.
2. CLEOME, L.
Petals long-clawed, nearly equal, entire. Stamens 6. Filaments filiform, elongated, 1-3 often shorter, rarely all abbreviated. Torus short, hemispherical. Stigma sessile. Capsule silique-like, stipitate or almost sessile, many-seeded. — Herbs with palmately 3 - 7-foliohvte leaves, and bracted racemose flowers. Stip- ules, when present, spiny.
32 VIOL ACE-*:. (VIOLET FAMILY.)
1. C. pungens, Willd. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5 - 7-foliate, long- petioled; leaflets lanceolate, acute, serrulate ; lower bracts trifoliolate, the upprr ones simple, cordate-ovate ; stipules spiny ; capsule smooth, shorter than the elon- gated stipe ; seeds rugose. — Waste places, Florida and westward. May- August. Introduced, g) — Stem 2° - 4° high. Petioles more or less spiny. Flowers showy, purple, changing to white.
3. GYNANDROPSIS, DC.
Petals clawed, imbricated or open in the bud. Stamens 6 ; the filaments ad- nate to the lower half of the elongated stipe of the ovary. Stigma sessile. Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Herbs with palraately 3 - 5-foliolate leaves, and racemose bracted flowers.
1. G. pentaphylla, DC. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5-foliate, the lower ones and bracts 3-foliolate ; leaflets oblong-obovate, nearly entire ; flowers white, open in the bud ; capsules hispid ; seeds warty. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Naturalized. May -August, (i) — Stem 2° - 3° high.
4. CAPPABIS, L. CAPER-TREE.
Sepals partly united, imbricated or valvate in the bud, often glandular at the base. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous. Torus small. Ovary long-stipitate. Stigma sessile. Fruit fleshy, globose or silique-like, many- seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with simple entire coriaceous leaves, spin^ or adnate stipules, and mostly showy flowers.
1. C. JamaicensiS, Jacq Leaves oblong, emarginate, smooth above, the lower surface, like the flowers and flattened branches, dotted and covered with minute scales ; flowers terminal, by pairs, on short 4-anglcd peduncles ; sepals ovate, valvate in the bud, scarcely shorter than the oval white petals ; filaments 20-24, long, villous at the base; capsule long (6'- 8'), cylindrical, torulose, downy, long-stipitate. (Colicodendron anccps, Shuttl.) — South Flor- ida. — Shrub 8°- 10° high.
2. C. cynophallophora, L. Leaves oblong, obtuse, reticulate-veined, glabrous like the flowers and branches ; peduncles 4-angled, few-flowered ; se- pals rounded, imbricated in the bud, much shorter than the obovate white petals ; filaments very long (2'), smooth ; capsule (6'- 8' long) smooth, torulose, short- etipitate, pulpy within. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° - 8° high.
ORDER 14. VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, involute in the bud. Stip- ules persistent. Flowers irregular, axillary, on bracted peduncles, nod- ding. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, hypogynous, obliquely convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, connivent. Anthers adnate, introrse. Style single. Capsule 1 -celled, loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded : valves each bearing a placenta in the middle. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.
VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 33
1. VIOLA, Tonrn. VIOLET. HEART'S-BASB.
Sepals nearly equal, produced at the base into a free appendage. Petals un- equal, the lower one produced into a sac or spur at the base. Stamens short ; the broad filaments membranaceous and prolonged above the anthers ; the two anterior ones spurred on the back. Stigma often beaked. — Low herbs. Pe- duncles 1 -flowered.
4 1 . Leaves and peduncles arising from a subterranean rhizoma, without apparent stems: perennials, flower ing in early spring, the later flowers apetalous.
* Flowers blue or purple.
1. V. CUCUllata, Ait. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves long-petioled, all undivided, varying from cordate-ovate to reniform, serrate, the sides at the base involute when young ; the later ones acutish ; lateral petals bearded ; stigma beakless. — Low ground, common. — Flowers blue, often variegated with white.
2. V. palmata, L. Downy or hairy, rarely smooth ; earliest leaves entire, cordate or reniform; later ones variously 3- 9-lobed, the central lobe always largest, lanceolate or oblong, the lateral ones spreading ; flowers large, with the lateral and lower petals bearded. — Dry soil, common. — Flowers purple or blue.
3. V. villosa, Walt. Downy ; leaves prostrate, short-petioled, orbicular or broadly cordate, crenate, purple- veined ; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, flowers small. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Flowers pale blue.
4. V. sagittata, Ait. Smoothish; leaves cordate-oblong, acute, toothed and somewhat sagittate at the base, the earliest ones rounded, short-petioled ; lateral petals bearded. — Damp pastures in the upper districts and northward. — Flowers larger than in the last, deep blue.
5. V. pedata, L. Smoothish ; leaves all 7 - 9-parted, the divisions linear- lanceolate, entire or toothed, narrowed downward ; petals beardless. — Dry sandy soil in the middle and upper districts, and northward. — Flowers large, deep blue or purple.
* * Flowers white.
6. V. primulsefolia, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves oblong, mostly acute, crenate, cordate or abruptly decurrent on the winged petiole ; petals often acute, the lower ones bearded and striped with purple. — Low grounds, common. — Rhizoma slender, and commonly bearing long leafy runners. Flowers small.
7. V. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or linear, narrowed into the long and winged petioles ; flowers beardless. — Low pine bar- rens. Florida and northward. — Rhizoma like the last.
8. V. blanda, Willd. Minutely pubescent; rhizoma slender ; leaves small, orbicular-cordate, crenate, shorter than the peduncles ; flowers small, beardless, sweet-scented, the lower petal striped with purple. — Low ground and meadows, North Carolina and northward. — Petioles slender, wingless. Leaves rarcly aoute.
34 ViOLACE-iE. (VIOLET FAMILY.)
* * * Flowers yelluir.
9. V. rotundifolia, Michx. Nearly smooth ; leaves broadly cordate, longer than the short petioles; lateral petals bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. — Rhizoma slender, bearing runners. Leaves flat on the ground. Petals striped with purple.
§ 2. Leaves and flowers borne on manifest stems : perennials. * Stems leafy throughout.
10. V. Muhlenbergii, Torr. Primary stems erect, the later ones pros- trate ; leaves broadly cordate or reniform, crenate and roughened with minute elevated points, the uppermost acute ; stipules fringed ; spur obtuse, half as long as the pale purple petals ; lateral petals bearded. — Dump shades in the upper districts and northward.
Var. multicaulis, Torr. £ Gray. Stems all- prostrate and creeping ; leaves smaller, roundish, obscurely crenate, purple-veined. — Dry rocks and hills in the lower districts. March and April. — Steins slender, 4' -6' long.
11. V. Striata, Ait. Stems ascending ; leaves cordate, serrate, rough- ened as in No. 10, the uppermost often acute ; stipules large, fringed ; spur thick, shorter than the large cream-colored petals ; lateral petals bearded, the lower striped with purple. — Mountains of Georgia and northward. April. — Stems 10' - 12' high. Peduncles elongated.
12. V. Canadensis, L. Tall ; leaves large, broadly cordate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, longer than the peduncles ; stipules nearly entire ; spur very short ; petals white, externally purplish, the lateral ones bearded. — Rich soil along the mountains of North Carolina and northward. May - August. — Stems l°-2° high.
* * Stems leafy at tlte summit : stipules entire.
13. V. hastata, Michx. Smooth or hairy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, hastate - 3-lobed, or the lower ones 3-parted (V. tripartite, Ell.), serrate and commonly acute ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral petals bearded, the lowest striped with purple ; spur very short. — Shaded hill-sides, Florida and northward. April and May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Stipules small.
14. V. pubcscens, Ait. Downy or woolly ; leaves broadly cordate, coarsely serrate, mostly acute ; stipules large ; spur very short ; flowers yellow, the lower petals veined with purple, bearded. — Dry rocky soil in the upper dis- tricts, and northward.* April. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. Capsules sometimes villous.
1 § 3. Stems leafy : root annual.
15. V. tricolor, L., var. arvensis, DC. Stems branching ; lowest leaves roundish, the upper lanceolate, entire ; stipules leafy, pinnatifid ; flowers small, yellow and purple, — Cultivated ground. Introduced. — Stem 6' high.
2. SOLEA, Ging.
Sepals not produced at the base. Petals unequal, the lowest one gibbous at the base and 2-lobed at the apex, the others smaller. Stamens with the filaments united and produced above the anthers, the two lower ones glandular at the
K. (KOCK-KOSK FAMILY.) 35
base. Style hooked at the summit. — An upright simple hairy perennial herb, with numerous ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and entire leaves, and 1-3 short- stalked greenish nodding flowers in each axil.
1. S. COncolor, Ging. — Mountains of Carolina and northward, in deep shades. June :uid July. (Viola i-onroior, ^»rsA.) —.. Stem 1° - 2° high, Leaves short-petioled.
OBDER lo. CISTACE^. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)
Herbs or low shrubs, with entire leaves, and regular mostly polyandrou* flowers. — Sepals 5, persistent, the two outer ones smaller, the three inner twisted in the bud. Petals mostly 5, twisted contrary to the sepals in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens few or numerous, distinct, hypogynous Anthers innate. Ovary 1-celled. Style single. Capsules 3-5-valved, bearing as many parietal placentas each in the middle of the valve, few or many-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Embryo curved, in mealy albumen
Synopsis.
1. HELIANTHEMUM. Style none. Stigma capitate. Embryo nearly annular.
2. LECHEA. Style none. Stigmas plumose. Embryo nearly straight.
3. IIUDSONIA. Style filiform Stigma minute. Embryo coiled.
1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. KOCK-ROSE.
Petals 5, corrugated in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigma sessile or nearly so, capitate, 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved. Embryo curved nearly into a ring. — Low herbs or partly shrubby plants, with fugacious yellow flowers.
* Flowers perfect : petals conspicuous : stamens indefinite : capsule many-seeded.
1. H. Carolinianum, Michx. Hirsute; leaves lanceolate, denticulate, acute, short-petioled, the lowest obovate, crowded ; flowers large, solitary, borne above the axils. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward- March and April. — Stems 6' -12' high, ascending from a shrubby base. Flowers 1' wide.
2. H. arenicola, sp. n. Hoary ; leaves small, lanceolate, obtuse, entire, with the sides revolute ; flowers solitary, or 2 - 4 in terminal umbellate clusters, on slender pedicels. — Drifting sands near the coast, West Florida. March and April. — Stems shrubby and branched at the base, all but the short (2' -6') flowering stems buried in the sand. Flowers £' wide.
* * Flowers of two kinds: the earliest as in the last section, the later ones smaller, clustered, with small petals, or none, fewer stamens, and few-seeded capsules,
3. H. COrymbosum, Michx. Tomentose, stems erect, shrubby at the base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, hoary beneath, with the sides revolute ; flowers nearly sessile in a cymose cluster at the summit of the stem, the perfect ones long-peduncled ; sepals woolly. — Dry sands near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Stems 1° high. Capsule smooth.
36 DROSEKACE^E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)
4. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems erect, at first nearly simple, downy or smooth ; leaves lanceolate, downy, or nearly smooth above ; flowers axillary, the perfect ones large, solitary, the later apetalous ones clustered or sometimes wanting. (H. rosmarinifolium, Ph. ? H. ramuliflorum, Michx.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida and northward. April. — Stems 1° high. Perfect flowers an inch wide.
2. LECHEA, L.
Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the sepals. Stamens 3 - 12. Stigmas .3, sessile, plumose. Capsule globose, 3-valved, incompletely 3-celled, 6-seeded. Embryo slightly curved. — Perennial herbs, with small greenish flowers in racemes or panicles.
1. L. major, Michx. Villous; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, el-, liptical, those on the prostrate radical branches roundish ; flowers on short pedi- cels, densely crowded in short simple or compound axillary racemes. (L. villosa, EH.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° high, brandling toward the summit. Capsules as large as a pin's head.
2. L. minor, Lam. Rough with appressed scattered hairs ; the young branches and calyx more or less hoary ; stems paniculately branched above ; leaves scattered, linear ; flowers loosely racemose, on distinct, often appressed pedicels. (L. racemulosa and L. tenuifolia, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, common. July and August. — Stems i° - 2° high. Capsules larger than in No. 1 . Rad- ical branches often wanting.
3. HUDSONIA, L.
"Petals 5, larger than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9 - 30. Style filiform. Stigma minute. Capsule oblong, 1 -celled, 3-valved, with 2-6 erect seeds at- tached near their base. Embryo coiled. — Low tufted shrubs, with minute hoary, subulate, imbricated leaves, and yellow flowers at the summit of the branches.
1. H. montana, Nutt. Stems 2' -4' high; leaves loosely imbricated; pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx campanulate; sepals acuminate. — Table Rock, North Carolina.
ORDER 16. DROSERACE^E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)
Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted radical leaves, and regular hypogynous white or purplish flowers, borne on a naked scape. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering. Stamens 5- 15, distinct : an- thers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled, with 3 or 5 parietal pla- centae. Styles separate or united. Capsule loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen.
1. DBOSEBA, L. SUNDEW.
Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted ; the divisions 2 - many-lobed. Cap- sule 3-valved, many-seeded. — Leaves dewy with glandular hairs. Scape often forking. Flowers racemose, secund.
I'ARNASSIACK^E. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.) 37
1. D. flliformis, Kaf. llhizoma thick, creeping; leaves erect, filiform, elongated, smooth at the base ; scape smooth, many-flowered ; flowers large, bright purple ; calyx hairy ; seeds oblong, dotted. — Low pine barrens, Florida and northward. April. ty — • Scapes 1° - 1^° high. Flowers 1'or more wide.
2. D. longifolia, L. Rhizoma long and slender ; leaves linear-spatulate, gradually narrowed into the long and smooth petiole, the upper ones erect ; scape smooth, declined at the base, 8 - 12-flowered ; calyx obovate ; seeds oblong. (D. foliosa, Ell.) — Sandy swamps, oftencr in water, Florida and northward. May and June. 1J. — Scapes 4' -6' high. Flowers small, white.
3. D. capillaris, Poir. Rhizoma short or none; leaves spatulate, nar- rowed into the long and smoothish petiole ; scape slender, smooth, erect, 9 - 20- flowered ; calyx obovate ; seeds oval, finely furrowed and granular. (D. brevi- folia, var. major, Hook. ) — Boggy ponds, Apalachicola, Florida, to South Car- olina (Base.). April and May. @ or 1J. — Scape 6'- 15' high. Leaves 2'-3' long. Flowers pale rose-color.
4. D. rotundifolia, L. Rhizoma none ; leaves orbicular, abruptly con- tracted into the hairy petiole ; scape erect, smooth, 6 — 10-flowered ; calyx ovoid ; seeds covered with a loose membranaceous coat. — Mossy swamps, Florida and northward. May and June. (D — Scapes 6' - 9' high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white.
5. D. brevifolia, Pursh. Glandular-pubescent throughout ; rhizoma none ; leaves short, wedge-shaped ; scape erect, 3 — 6-flowered ; calyx oval ; seeds ovoid, minutely glandular. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April, (j) — Scapes 3' -6' high. Leaves J'long. Flowers £' wide, white.
2. DION^IA, Ellis. FLY-TRAP.
Stamens 10-15. Styles united. Stigmas 5, fimbriate. Capsule 1-celled, opening irregularly. Placenta at the base of the cell, many-seeded. — A smooth perennial herb, with the habit of Drosera. Leaves spreading, on broadly-winged, spatulate petioles, with the limb orbicular, notched at both ends, and fringed on the margins with strong bristles ; sensitive ! Flowers in a terminal umbel-like cvme, white, bracted.
1. D. museipula, Ellis. — Sandy bogs in the pine barrens of North Car- olina and the adjacent parts of South Carolina. April and May. — Scape 1° high, 8 - 10-flowered. Flowers 1' wide. — For an interesting account of this remarkable plant, see Curtis's Plants of Wilmington, in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. I. 1834.
ORDER 17. PARNASSIACEJE. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.)
Perennial smooth herbs, with ovate or reniform chiefly radical and entire leaves, on long petioles, and large solitary flowers terminating the grape-like, 1 -leaved stem. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, ovate or obo- 4
38 IIYPERICACEjE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)
vate, veiny, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Fertile stamens 5, alter- nating with the petals : anthers introrse. Sterile ones in sets of 3 - 1 3 more or less united filaments, placed opposite each petal. Ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 parietal placentae. Stigmas 3-4, sessile, placed over the pla- centae. Capsule loculicidally 3-4-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, winged, without albumen. Embryo straight, cylindrical.
1. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. Characters same as the order.
1. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate-ovate; can- line one near the base of the stem, clasping ; petals oval, sessile, with impressed greenish veins ; sterile stamens by threes, distinct almost to the base, 2-3 times as long as the recurved fertile ones. — Damp soil, Florida and northward. Oc- tober and November. — Stem 12' - 18' high. Flowers 1' wide.
2. P. asarifolia, Vent. Leaves reniform ; cauline one near the middle of the stem, clasping; petals broadly ovate, short-clawed; sterile stamens by threes. — High mountains of North Carolina. August and September. — Flow. <TS larger than in No. 1.
OHDKK 18. HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)
Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves, without stipules, and regular hypogynous, mostly yellow flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, convolute or imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, and often united at the base into 3-5 sets : anthers introrse. Styles 2-5, often united, persistent. Cap- sule 1-celled, with strictly parietal placentae, or 2 - 5-celled by the meeting of the placentae at the axis, septicidally 2 - 5-valved. Seeds very numer- ous, minute, anatropous, without albumen.
Synopsis.
* Petals convolute in the bud.
1. ASCYRUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 4.
2. IIYPERICtJM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens without interposed glands.
* * Petals imbricated in the bud.
3. KLODEA. Sepals and (rose-colored) petals 5. A gland between the sets of stamens.
1. ASCYRUM, L. ST. PETER'S-WORT.
Sepals 4. the two outer ones much larger (except No. 5). Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique. Stamens numerous. Styles 2-4, distinct or united. Cap- sules 2-4-valved, 1 -Celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae. — Smooth shrubs with 2-edged branches. Flowers mostly solitary, yellow.
* Pedicels 2-bracted : styles shorter than the ovan/.
1. A. Crux-Andreae, L. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base ; outer sepals oval, rather obtuse, the inner ones minute ; petals oblong,
HYPEKICACE^E. (ST. JOHN's-WOKT FAMILY.) 39
often acute, approximate in pairs ; styles 2 ; capsule as long as the sepals. — Sterile soil, Florida and northward. June - September. — Shrub 1°- 3° high. Leaves 1' long. Branches opposite.
2. A. Stans, Michx. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, closely sessile ; outer sepals orbicular-cordate, obtuse ; the inner ones lanceolate, acute ; petals obovate ; styles 3 or 4 ; capsule shorter than the sepals. — Var. OBOVATUM, Torr. $• Gray, is u dwarf state, with obovate leaves, and obtuse inner sepals. — Damp soil, Florida and northward. July- September. — Shrub 2°- 3° high. Leaves and flowers larger than in No. 1 .
* * Pedicels bractless : styles longer than the ovary.
3. A. amplexicaule, Michx. Leaves and outer sepals cordate-ovate, clasping ; inner sepals lanceolate, as long as the outer ones ; petals obovate ; styles 3 ; capsule ovoid, barely half as long as the sepals. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April - September. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Branches many times forking.
4. A. pumilum, Michx. Dwarf ; leaves oblong-oDovatc, obtuse ; outer sepals round-ovate, the inner ones minute ; petals obovate ; pedicels long and slender, reflexed in fruit ; styles 2, united. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. March and April. — Stems 3' -6' long, diffuse. Leaves 4" - fi" long.
•">. A. microsepalum, Torr. & Gray. Leaves very numerous, small, oblong-linear, narrowed at the base, obtuse ; flowers somewhat corymbose ; se- pals small and equal. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and Alabama. March and April.. — Shrub bushy, l°-2° high. Leaves 6"- 9" long. Flowers 1' wide.
2. HYPERICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S-WOKT.
Sepals 5, similar. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, and commonly collected in 3 - 5 sets, without intervening glands. Styles 3 — 5, distinct or united. Capsule 1 - 5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs. Flow- ers mostly cymose, yellow.
§ 1 . Stamens numerous. * Capsule 3-celled : styles united : shrubs.
1 • H. proltflcum, L. Branches 2-cdged, the barren ones elongated ; leaves lance-oblong, obtuse or mucronate. narrowed at the base ; cymes axillary and terminal, often few-flowered; capsule oblong, rarely 4 -5-celled. — Varies with a more branching stem, smaller and narrower leaves, and smaller and more numerous flowers. (H. galioidcs, Ph.) — Swamps and banks of rivers in the middle and upper districts. July and August. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long, paler beneath.
2. H. Buckleyi, M. A. Curtis. Low, widely branching from the base ; leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; flowers solitary, ter- minal, on rather long and bracted pedicels ; sepals obovate ; style and stamens long and slender. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. — Shrub 8'- 121 high. Flowers 1' wide.
40 HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)
* * Capsule 3-celled : styles separate : petals black-dolled : lit-rbs.
3. H. perforatum, L. Stem much branched, slightly 2-edged ; eyme» corymbose, many-flowered ; leaves elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, with pel- lucid dots ; sepals lanceolate, acute. — Old fields, sparingly naturalized. June-* August. — Stem l°-2°high, bearing runners at the base. Flowers 1' wide, deep yellow.
4. H. maculatum, Walt. Stem terete, sparingly branched above ; leaves oblong-cordate, obtuse, clasping, marked with pellucid dots ; cymes many-flow- ered, corymbose ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; styles twice as long as the ovary. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 '— 1 £' long, rigid. Flow.ers small.
5. H. COrymb6sum, Muhl. Leaves thin, oblong, slightly clasping ; se- pals ovate ; styles as long as the ovary ; otherwise nearly as the last. — Moun- tains of North Carolina, northward and westward. July. — Stem 1° — 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long.
* * * Capsule \-celled, or partially 3-celled by the introversion of the placenta'.
•*- Shrubs : leaves evergreen.
•w Cymes leafy.
6. H. fasciculatum, Lam. Lowest leaves obovate, the others narrow- linear, with revolute margins, and numerous smaller ones clustered in the axils ; cymes mostly 3-flowered, lateral and terminal ; sepals like the leaves, mostly shorter than the obovate one-angled petals. — Var. ASPALATHOIDES has very short (2" -3") and wider leaves and sepals, the latter one third as long as the smaller petals. — Margins of pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina and west- ward. July and August. — Shrub 2° -6° high. Leaves 6" -12" long, con- spicuously dotted, glossy. Capsule oblong-linear.
7. H. galioid.es, Lam. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to tin- base, glossy above, rigid ; those in the axils clustered ; cymes lateral and ter- minal, few-flowered, or the terminal ones compound ; sepals equal, linear, acute, shorter than the petals ; capsules acute. — Pine barrens, Florida to South Caro- lina and westward.
Var. ambigUUm. (H.ambiguum, Ell. ? Tarr.fr Gray.) Leaves oblanceo- late, mucronate, pale and thin ; sepals unequal, lanceolate, nan-owed at the base, longer than the petals. — River swamps, Florida. July and August. — Stems 2° -4° high. Branches often elongated. Leaves !'-!£' long.
8. H. myrtifolium, Lam. Leaves cordate-oblong and partly clasping, mostly obtuse, glaucous ; cymes few-flowered, terminal ; sepals leaf-like, ovate, acute, as long as the obovate petals ; stamens very numerous; capsule conical- ovate. (H. glaucum, Michx.) — Pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May- September. — Shrub 1° - 2° high, with spreading tereto branches. Leaves thick, 1' long. Flowers I' wide.
9. H. aureum, Bartram. Leaves oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the base, wavy on the margins, glaucous beneath ; flowers very large, mostly solitary at the summit of the 2-edged branches ; sepals leaf-like, shorter than the thick and tardily deciduous petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule ovate, much smaller
HYPERICACEJE. (ST. JOHN*8-WOBT FAMILY.) 41
than the calyx. (II. amoenum, Pursh.) — Banks of tlie Flint River, Georgia to Tennessee, and westward. June- August. — Stem 2° high, diffusely branched. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' wide, with recurved orange-colored petals.
*•*• +* Cymes leafless, bracted.
10 H. nudiflorum, Michx. Branches 4-anglcd ; leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; cymes terminal, peduncled, 5— 15-flowered ; bracts subulate ; buds globose ; petals oval, twice as long as the oval sepals ; capsule ovate, longer than the calyx. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. July and August. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves thin, l'-2' long. Flowers .V wide. Petals recurved.
11. H. cistifolium, Lain. Brunches 2-edged ; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, sessile ; cymes terminal, compound, many-flowered ; bracts subulate ; buds ovate ; petals spreading, obovate, twice as long as the oblong, unequal sepals ; capsule 3-lobed, ovate, longer than the sepals. (H. rosmarinifolium, Ell.) — Pine barren swamps, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina and westward. July- September. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1 ' long. Flow- ers £' wide. Valves of the capsule strongly impressed on the back.
12. H. fastigiatum, Ell. " Branches somewhat compressed ; leaves nar- row-lanceolate, very acute ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, fastigiate ; styles united. — Pine ban-ens of Scriven County, Georgia. May -July. — Shrub 3° high. Leaves 3' long, narrowed but connate at the base. Flowers very numer- ous." Elliott. (*)
•i- •>- Herbs : styles distinct.
13. H. graveolens, Buckl. Stem smooth, terete, nearly simple ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, clasping ; cymes lateral and terminal, many-flowered ; petals oblong-obovate, much longer than the lanceolate acute sepals ; stamens collected in three sets, as long the petals ; styles slender, twice as long as the ovary. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers large.
14. H. pilosum, Walt. Downy ; stem terete, mostly simple, slender ; leaves small, lance-ovate, acute, erect, sessile ; cymes compound ; styles short. (II. simplex, Mich.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and west- ward. July and August. ® ? — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves £' long. Flowers 5" -6" wide.
15. H. angulosum, Michx. Smooth; stem 4-angled, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile ; cymes leafy, many-flowered, the branches often simple ; sepals ovate, shorter than the petals, longer than the ovate capsule. — Varies (H. acutifolium, Ell.) with larger shining leaves, compound and nearly leaf- less cymes, and more crowded flowers. — Pine barren ponds (the var. in dry soil), Florida to North Carolina and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 6" - 12" long. Flowers small. Styles longer than the capsule.
§ 2. Stamens 5-20 : capsule strictly \-celled : styles separate : annuals. * Flowers in cymes.
16. H. mutilum, L. Stems slender, branching above, 4-angled, leaves oblong or roundish, obtuse, clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy at the base ; sepals
4*
42 CLUSI.U'K.K. (l-JALSAM-TRKK FAMILY. )
lanceolate, mostly longer than the small petals, and equalling the (green) ovoid capsule; stamens 6-12. (H. parviflorum, Mulil. H. quinquenervium, Walt.) — Ditches and low grounds, common. June -August. — Stem 1° high. Branches of the cyme filiform. Flowers very small, remote.
17. H. Canadense, L. Stems simple or branched, 4-angled ; leaves lin- ear or linear-lanceolate, the upper ones acute, sessile ; sepals lanceolate, acute, longer than the petals, shorter than the oblong (brown) capsule. — Wet sandy places, Florida and northward. June -Oct. — Stem 4' -12' high, with the branches erect. Flowers small, copper-yellow. Stamens 5 - 10.
* * Flowers scattered on the slender branches : leaves minute.
18. H. Sarothra, Michx. Stem much branched ; branches erect, filiform ; leaves minute, subulate, bract-like ; flowers small, sessile ; sepals scarcely half as long as the lanceolate purple capsule. — Sandy old fields. Florida and north- ward. June-August. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Stamens 5 - 10.
19. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray Stem much branched ; leaves lin- ear or the lower ones oblong, acute, appressed ; sepals barely shorter than the ovate capsule; flowers pcdicellcd. — Dry barren soil, Florida, South Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stems and branches stouter than the last. Stamens 10-20.
3. ELODEA, Adans.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-side*!, imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly 9, and united in sets of three, with a scale-like gland between each set. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule 3-cellcd, 3-valvcd, many-seeded. Smooth perennial herbs. Flowers rose-color, in contracted lateral and terminal cymes.
1. E. Virginica, Nutt. Leaves oblong or oval, cordate, clasping, con- spicuously dotted beneath ; stamens united below the middle. — Swamps, Florida and northward. July and August. — Stems terete, 1° - 2° high.
2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, short-peti- oled, obscurely dotted beneath; stamens united above the middle. — With the preceding. July and August. — Stem 2° high.
ORDER 19. CL.USIACEJE. (BALSAM-TREE FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with resinous yellow juice, opposite coriaceous entire dotless leaves articulated with the stem, and regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3-6. Petals 4-9. Stamens mostly numerous, distinct or variously united. Ovary 1 - many-celled, few - many-ovuled. Style single, often none. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. Embryo straight. Cotyledons thick, distinct or united.
1. CLUSIA, L.
Calyx 2-bracted, of 6 imbricated, colored sepals. Petals 4 -9. Stamens nu- merous, the filaments united at the base into a thick and fleshy tube. Ovary
PORTULACACEJE. f PURSLANE FAMILY.) 43
5-15-celled. Ovules numerous, fixed to a central column. Stigma large, radiate-peltate. Capsule coriaceous, globose-angled, 5-15-celled; the valves separating from the central column at maturity. Seeds numerous, ovate. — Par- asitical tropical trees, with thick, opposite, entire and shining leaves, and chiefly polygamous, cymose, showy flowers.
1. C. flava, L. Leaves short-stalked, obovate, obtuse or emarginate, finely veined ; flowers polygamous, single or by threes, on short axillary and terminal peduncles ; sepals rounded ; petals 4, oval, thick, yellow and unequal ; stamens short and thick; stigma about 12-rayed; capsule pear-shaped, 12-seeded, the seeds imbedded in soft pulp. — South Florida. — A small tree.
2. CANELLA, P. Brown.
Sepals 3, rounded, concave, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, hy- pogynous, oblong, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens united into a tube. Anthers 15 (21 Endl), adnate, linear. Ovary 3-celled. Style cylindri- cal. Stigmas 3. Berry globose, 1 -3-celled, mostly 2-seeded. Seeds globose- reniform. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. — A large tree. Leaves alter- nate, near the ends of the branches, obovate, emarginate, glabrous, on short petioles. Racemes compound, shorter than the leaves, terminal. Pedicels 1- flowered. Flowers small, purple. (The proper place of this genus is undeter- mined, but it has been referred to this order. )
1. C. alba, Swartz. — South Florida. August. — Tree aromatic. Leaves 2' long. Berry black.
ORDER 20. PORTUL,ACACEy"E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.)
Succulent plants, with entire leaves and regular hypogynous or peri- gynous flowers. Sepals 2 - 5. Petals 3-6, imbricated in the bud, some- times wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, or indefinite. Styles 3 -6, mostly united below, stigmatic along the inside. Capsule 1 - 5-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds campylotropous, erect from the base of the cell, or attached to a central placenta. Embryo slen- der, curved around mealy albumen..
Synopsis.
* Sepals 2. Petals 5 -6.
1. CLAYTONIA. Petals and stamens 5. Capsule 3-valved, 3- 6-seeded.
2. TALINUM. Petals 5. Stamens 10 - 30. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 3 PORTULACA. Petals 5 -6. Stamens 8 -20. Capsule circumscissile.
* * Sepals 5. Petals none. 4. SESUVIUM. Stamens 5 -60, inserted on the calyx. Capsule circumscisgile.
1. CLAYTONIA, L. SPRING-BEAUTY.
Sepals 2, free, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valvcd, 3 -6-seeded. —
44 PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.)
Smooth herbs, with a simple stem bearing two opposite leaves, and terminated with a loose raceme of pale rose-colored, veiny flowers.
1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves long (3' -6'), linear, acutish ; petals mostly emarginate, but sometimes acute. — Damp rich soil in the upper districts. March. — Plant 4' - 10' long.
2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves short (l'-2'), ovate-lanceolate or oblong, tapering at the base, obtuse ; petals obtuse. — Mountains of North Caro- lina and northward. March and April. — Smaller than the last.
2. TALINUM, Adans.
Sepals 2, free, deciduous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10-30. Style 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled at the base, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Smooth and fleshy herbs, with alternate leaves and cymose flowers.
1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Stem thick, leafy; leaves linear-cylindrical ; cymes on long peduncles ; petals purple, fugacious. — Rocks, North Carolina and northward. June - Aug. 1J. — Stems 2' - 4' long. Peduncles 5' - 8' long.
3. PORTULACA, Toum. PURSLANE.
Sepals 2, united and cohering with the ovary below, the upper portion circum- scissile and deciduous with the upper part of the capsule. Petals 4-6, inserted with the 8-20 stamens on the calyx. Style 3-8-parted. Capsule globose, 1-celled, many-seeded. — Low, fleshy herbs, with terete or flat, mostly alternate leaves, and fugacious yellow or purple flowers.
1. P. Oleracea, L. Leaves flat, cuneate, naked in the axils ; flowers yel- low ; stamens 10-12. — Cultivated ground everywhere. — Stem prostrate.
2. P. pilosa, L. Leaves linear, obtuse, with a tuft of hairs in the axils ; flowers purple ; stamens about 20. — Key West, Florida.
4. SESUVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE.
Sepals 5, free, united at the base, persistent, colored within. Petals none. Stamens 5, or numerous, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3-5- cellcd, many-seeded, circumscissile. — Prostrate and fleshy maritime plants, with nearly opposite and entire leaves, and axillary purplish flowers.
1. S. portulacastrum, L. Leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, on winged and clasping petioles ; flowers pedicelled ; sepals fleshy, lanceolate, mu- cronate, purple within ; stamens numerous. — Sandy or muddy places along the coast, Florida and northward. May - December, y. — Stems diffuse, creep- ing, forming mats which are sometimes 6° in diameter.
2. S. pentandrum, Ell. Leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, on slightly winged and clasping petioles ; flowers sessile ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, stamens 5. — Muddy saline coves, Florida to North Carolina. May - November. (J) ? — Stems (often erect) and flowers smaller than in the preceding.
CARYOPHYLLACE^:. (I'INK FAMILY.) 45
ORDER 21. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.)
Herbs with tumid joints, entire opposite or whorled, often connate leaves, and regular hypogynous or perigynous cymose flowers. Stipules dry and scarious, or none. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, often stamen-like or none. Stamens as many as the sepals and op- posite them (except Mollugo) , or twice as many, or by abortion fewer. Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with the amphitropous or campylotropous ovules attached to a central placenta. Styles 2-5, distinct or partly united, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit valvate or indehiscent, 1 - many- seeded. Embryo curved, or forming a ring around mealy albumen.
Synopsis.
TRIBE I. ILLECEBRE.E. Sepals distinct or united below. Petals often stamen- like or wanting. — Leaves with scarious stipules.
* Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded (utricle).
1. PARONYCHIA. Sepals united at the base. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals.
Style long. Utricle included.
2. ANYCHIA. Sepals distinct Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style very
short. Utricle partly exserted.
3. SIPHONYCIIIA. Sepals united into a tube below the middle. Stamens inserted on the
tube of the calyx. Style long.
* * Fruit valvate, few - many-seeded.
•(- Leaves opposite.
4. STIPULICIDA. Stem-leaves minute ; the lowest spatulate. Flowers in terminal clusters.
5. SPERGULARIA. Leaves all linear. Flowers solitary, axillary.
•>- -i- Leaves whorled. 6- SPERGULA. Styles 5. Stamens 5 -10. Capsule 5-valved.
7. POLYCARPON. Styles 3. Stamens 3 -5. Capsule 3- valved.
TRIBE II. MOLLVGIIVE/E. Stamens alternate with the sepals, when of the same number ; when three, alternate with the cells of the ovary. — Stipules none.
8. MOLLUGO. Capsule 3-celled. Leaves whorled.
TRIBE III. AL.SHVE.E. Sepals separate or nearly so. Stamens opposite the sepals when of the same number. Ovary sessile. — Stipules none.
* Valves of the capsule as many as the styles.
9. S AGINA. Styles and valves 4-5.
10. ALSINE. Styles and valves 3.
* * Valves or teeth of the capsule twice as many as the styles.
11. ARENARIA. Valves of the capsule 2-4, each soon 2-cleft- Petals entire.
12. STELLARIA. Valves of the capsule 6 - 10. Petals 2-cleft.
13. CERASTIUM. Capsule 8 - 10-toothed.
TRIBE IV. SIL.EXEJE. Sepals united into a tube. Petals and stamens inserted on the stipe of the ovary. — Stipules none.
14. SILENE. Styles 3. Capsule 6-toothed.
15. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Capsule 4 toothed.
16. AGROSTEMMA. Styles 5. Capsule 5-toothed.
46 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.)
1. PARONYCHIA, Tourn.
Sepals 5, united at the base, concave and mucronate or awncd at the apex. Petals bristle-like or tooth-like, alternate with the 5 stamens, and inserted with them on the base of the calyx. Style long, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed rcsupinate. Kadicle superior or ascending. — Low herbs, with conspicuous sil- very stipules, and minute flowers in loose or compact cymes.
1: P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth; stems slender, erect; leaves linear- subulate; those of the barren stems imbricated; cymes fastigiate, diffuse; se- pals linear, 3-ribbed, slender-pointed; petals minute, bristle-like. (Anychia argyrocoma, Eli) — Rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and westward. July-Nov. }|.— Stems 6' -12' high.
2. P. argyrocoma, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stems tufted, ascending ; leaves linear, acute; c vines capitate, the flowers concealed by the large silvery stipules; sepals lanceolate, hairy, slender-pointed ; petals minute, tooth-like. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July -Sept. 1J. — Stems 6'-lo' high. Stipules nearly as long as the leaves.
3. P. herniarioides, Nutt. Eough-pubesccnt ; stems prostrate, diffusely- branched; leaves oval or oblong, mucronate ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ; sepals subulate, with a short and spreading point. (Anychia herniarioides, Miduc.) — Dry sand ridges in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina. July - Oct. Q — Stems 4' - 6' long. Leaves 3" - 4" long.
4. P. Baldwin!!. Finely pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched ; branches alternate, one-sided, filiform ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes diffuse, naked ; sepals oblong, 3-ribbed, ciliate, short-pointed ; petals bristle-like, as long as the stamens ; utricle equal- ling or rather longer than the sepals; style 2-cleft to the middle. (Anyehia Baldwinii, Torr. $• (Iruy.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida and Georgia. July -Oct. (£ and (2) — Stems H°-3° long. Upper leaves sometimes alternate.
2. ANYCHIA, Michx.
Sepals 5, distinct, slightly mucronate at the apex. Petals none. Stamens 2 — 3, inserted on the base of the calvx. Style very short. Stigmas spreading. Utricle exseited. Seed erect. Radicle inferior. — An erect slender annual, with forking setaceous spreading branches. Leaves thin, oblong, obtuse, nar- rowed at the base. Flowers minute, solitary or clustered in the forks of the branches, greenish.
1. A. dichotoma, Michx. (Queria Canadensis, L.) — Barren hills, South Carolina and northward. July and August. — Stem 4' - 10' high.
3. SIPHONYCHIA, Ton. & Gray.
Sepals 5, united to the middle, concave and petal-like above, obtuse or mu- cronate. Petals 5, bristle-like, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx. Style slender, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed resupinate. Radicle superior. — Erect or diffusely prostrate herbs. Cymes dense-flowered. Flowers white.
CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 47
1. S. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, diffuse, pubescent in lines; leaves lanceolate, nan-owed at the base; the radical ones larger and crowded ; flowers obovate, solitary in the forks of the stem, and clustered at the end of the branches ; sepals rounded and incurved at the apex, the tube bristly with hooked hairs; petals minute. (Herniaria Americana, Nutt. Paronychia urceolata, Shuttl) — Sandy banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June -Oct. (1) or (2) — Stems l°-3° long. Leaves sometimes falcate and incmsted with brownish particles. Stipules small.
2. S. diffusa, n. sp. Pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers small, in compact, rectangular cymes, terminating all the branches ; sepals linear, slightly concave and mucro- nate at the apex, the tube bristly with hooked hairs; petals bristle-like. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida. June -Oct. ® — Stems I6 long. Stipules con- spicuous, on young plants half as long as the leaves, at length 2-parted. Cymes very numerous.
3. S. erecta, n. sp. Stems smooth, clustered, erect, rigid, mostly simple ; leaves erect, linear, acute, pubescent on the margins, those of the barren stems imbricated ; cyme compound, rectangular, fastigiate, compact ; sepals lanceolate, smooth, acutish, or obscurely mucronate at the apex, the tube smooth and fur- rowed; petals bristle-like, half as long as the stamens. — Sands along the west coast of Florida. June -Nov. y. — Root woody. Stems 6' -12' high. Stip- ules half as long as the leaves.
4. S. Rugelii. Annual ; stem erect, successively forking, clothed with a short and rather dense pubescence, as also the leaves and bracts ; leaves oblance- olate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the internodes, the upper ones linear ; stip- ules 4 - J as long as the leaves, soon 2 - 4-parted ; cymes numerous, terminal, rather loosely flowered ; calyx-tube short, pubescent, the linear-lanceolate divis- ions conspicuously mucronate, white ; petals bristle-like ; style included. (Pa- ronychia Eugelii, Shuttl.) — East Florida. — Stems 1° high, at length diffuse ?
4. STIPTJLICIDA, Michx.
Sepals 5, emarginate, white-margined. Petals 5, spatulate, 2-toothcd near the base, longer than the sepals, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, opposite the inner sepals. Style very short, 3-parted. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, many- seeded. — A small perennial, with an erect forking stem. Stem-leaves minute, subulate, with adnate pectinate stipules. Radical leaves spatulate, clustered, growing from a tuft of bristly stipules. Flowers white, in terminal clusters.
1. S. setacea, Michx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. April -June. — Stem 3' - 6' high, the branches spreading and curving.
5. SPERGULARIA, Pers.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, oval, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3 - 5-valved ; the valves when o, alternate with the sepals. — A low maritime herb, with opposite fleshy leaves, and conspicuous scarious stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary, rose-colored.
48 CARYOPHYLLACF^E. (PINK FAMILY.)
1. S. rubra, Pers. — Sands or marshes along the coast, Florida and north. ward. April and May. (l) — Stems prostrate, much branched. Leaves linear, longer than the joints. Seed with or without a membranaceous margin.
6. SPERGULA, L. SPURREY.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. Capsule 5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. — Leaves whorled. Flowers cymose, white.
1. S. arvensis, L. Stem erect; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear, several in a whorl; cyme loose, long-peduncled ; fruiting pedicels reflexed ; stamens 10; seeds rough. — Cultivated fields, Florida and northward : introduced. (J) .
7. POLYCARPON, L.
Sepals 5, carinate. Petals 5, emarginate, shorter than the sepals. Stamens 3 - 5. Styles 3, very short. Capsule 3-valved. — Low annuals, with whorled leaves, and minute flowers, in terminal cymes.
1. P. tetraphyllum, L. Stems (3' -6') forking, diffuse; leaves spatu- late-obovate, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, the upper opposite; sepals acute; stipules conspicuous. — Near Charleston. Introduced. May and June.
8. MOLLUGO, L.
Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the cells of the ovary. Styles 3, short. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded. — Prostrate diffusely-branched annuals. Leaves whorled. Flow- ers white, on slender axillary peduncles.
1 • M. verticillata, L. Smooth ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, unequal, in whorls of 4 - 8 ; fruiting peduncles reflexed ; stamens 3. — Cultivated ground, common. Introduced. May - August.
9. VAGINA, L.
Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, entire, or wanting. Stamens 4 - 10. Styles 4-5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 4 - 5-valved ; the valves entire, opposite the sepals. — Small herbs, with filiform forking stems, subulate leaves, and solitary flowers.
1. S. Elliottii, Fenzl. Smooth; stems erect or ascending, tufted ; pedun- cles erect ; petals and sepals 5, equal, obtuse ; stamens 10. (Spergula decum- bens, Ell.) — Damp cultivated ground, common. April -June. (T — Stems 2' - 6' high. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the sharp-pointed leaves.
10. ALSINE, Tourn.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. — Low slender herbs, with linear or sub- ulate leaves, and white cymose or solitary flowers.
CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 4'J
1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. Stems tufted; leaves subulate, rigid, those of the glandular flowering stems distant, of the sterile stems imbricated, with spreading tips ; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter than the capsule. (Arenaria squar- rosa, Michx.) — Dry sand-hills, West Florida and northward. April and May. y. — Stems 6' - 10' high. Cymes few-flowered. Pedicels rigid.
2. A. glabra, Gray. Smooth ; stems filiform, sparingly branched ; leaves- tender, narrow-linear, obtuse, spreading ; cyme few-flowered, spreading ; sepals oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-ribbed, as long as the capsule. (Arenaria glabra, Michx.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July. y. ?— Stems tufted, 4' -6' high. Cymes leafy. Pedicels setaceous. Leaves £'-!' long.
3. A. patula, Gray. Minutely pubescent; stem filiform, diffusely branched from the base ; leaves narrow-linear, spreading ; cyme spreading, few - many- flowered ; pedicels very slender ; petals spatulate, emarginate, twice the length of the lanceolate acute 3-5-nerved sepals. (Arenaria patula, Michx.) — Rocks around Knoxville, Tennessee, and northward. — Stems 6' -10' high.
4. A. Michauxii, Fenzl. Smooth; stems tufted, erector diffuse, straight; leaves linear-subulate, erect, spreading or recurved, much clustered in the axils ; cymes spreading or contracted ; petals oblong-obovate, twice as long as the rigid ovate acute 3-ribbed sepals. (Arenaria stricta, Michx.) — Rocks and barren soil, Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stems 3' - 10' high.
5. A. brevifolia. Sltems smooth, not tufted, erect, filiform, simple, 2-5-flowered; leaves minute (l"-2"), erect, lance-subulate; sepals oblong, obtuse, as long as the capsule ; petals twice as long as the sepals. (Arenaria brevifolia, Nutt. ) — Rocks in the upper districts of Georgia. (J) — Stems 2' - 4' long, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of leaves. Flowers small, on filiform peduncles.
11. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT.
Petals 1-5, or none. Styles 2-4. Capsule opening above by as many valves as there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two pieces. Otherwise like Alsine.
1. A. diffusa, Ell. Downy; stem elonga^d, prostrate, alternately short- branched ; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, lateral, re- flexed in fruit ; petals 1-5, shorter than the sepals, often wanting. (Stellaria elongata, Nutt. Micropetalon lanuginosum, Pers.) — Shady banks, Florida to North Carolina and westward. May- October. 1J. — Stems l°-4° long.
2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Downy ; stems diffusely branched ; leaves small, ovate, acute, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers cymose ; petals much shorter than the lanceolate acuminate sepals. — Waste places, Florida and north- ward. Introduced. April and May. (D — Stems 6'- 12' long.. Leaves y long.
12. STELLARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT.
Sepals 4 - 5. Petals 4-5, 2-cleft, or 2-parted. Stamens 3-10. Styles 3-5, opposite the sepals. Capsule 1 -celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, many-seeded. — Stems weak. Flowers white, on terminal peduncles, becoming lateral in fruit.
5
50 CARYOPHYLLACEyE. (PINK FAMILY.)
1. S. pubera, Miclix. Perennial; stems erect or diffuse, forking, hairy in lines ; leaves oblong, acutish, narrowed at the base, sessile ; petals longer than the sepals. — Shady rocks in the upper districts and northward. April and May. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Flowers showy.
2. S. media, Smith. Annual ; stems prostrate, forking, pubescent in lines ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, the lower ones petioled ; petals shorter than the sepals. — Yards and gardens. March and April. Introduced.
3. S. prostrata, Baldw. Smooth or nearly so ; stems forking, prostrate ; leaves ovate, acute, all on slender petioles, the lower ones often cordate ; petals twice as long as the sepals ; seeds rough-edged. — Damp shades, Georgia, Flor- ida, and westward. March and April. Q) — Stems l°-2° long. Petiole mostly longer than the limb.
4. S. uniflora, Walt. Smooth ; stems erect from a prostrate base ; leaves remote, narrow-linear, sessile ; peduncles very long (2' -4'), erect ; petals obcor- date, twice as long as the calyx. — River swamps, South Carolina and Nortli Carolina. May. ® ? — Stems 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. — Perhaps a species of Alsine.
13. CERASTIUM, L. MOUSE-EAR.
Sepals 4 -5. Petals 4 -5, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 10. Styles 4-5. Capsule cylindrical, 8 - 10-toothed, many-seeded. — Herbs. Flowers white, soli- tary or cymose, peduncled.
* Petals not longer than the sepals.
1. C. VUlgatum, L. Villous and somewhat clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves oval, remote, the lowest obovate ; cymes crowded in the bud, spreading in fruit ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the peduncles, and half as long as the slender capsule. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and May. ® — Stems 6' -12' high.
2. C. visCOSUm, L. Hairy and clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves lance- oblong, obtuse, the lowest wedge-shaped ; cymes loose in the bud ; sepals oblong- ovate, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and May. (J) — Flowers and capsules larger than in No. 1.
* * Petals longer than the sejKils.
3. C. arvense, L. Hairy or downy ; stems numerous, naked above ; leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate ; cymes rather few-flowered ; petals obcordate, twice as long as the oblong sepals. — Rocky or dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. May and June. 1J. — Stems 6' -12' high. Leaves seldom 1' long. Flowers £' wide. Capsule rather longer than the calyx.
4. C. nutans, Raf. Clammy-pubescent ; stems tufted, furrowed ; loaves lanceolate ; cymes ample, many-flowered ; petals oblong, cmarginate, rather longer than the oblong sepals. — Low grounds, North Carolina and Tennessee, and northward. ® — Stems 1° high. Peduncles long. Capsule curved, three times as long as the calyx.
CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 51
14. SILENE, L. CATCHFLY.
Sepals united into a 5-toothed tube. Petals 5, long-clawed, inserted with the 10 stamens on the stipe of the ovary, commonly crowned with two scales at the base of the limb. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, or 3-celled at the base, opening by 6 teeth, many-seeded. — Leaves mostly connate. Flowers cymose, often showy. -
* Perennials : flowers showy. •*- Petals gash-fimbriate, crownless.
1. S. Stellata, Ait. Leaves in whorls of four, lance-ovate, acuminate, the uppermost opposite ; flowers white, in a large spreading panicle ; calyx in- flated, boll-shaped. — Dry woods in the upper districts, and northward. June- August. — Stems 2° - 3° high, downy, branching above.
2. S. OVata, Pursh. Rough-pubescent; leaves large (4'-5;), opposite, oblong-ovate, acuminate ; flowers white, in a contracted lanceolate panicle ; calyx tubular. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina, July. — Stems stout, 2ol4o high.